全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Theropod Fauna from Southern Australia Indicates High Polar Diversity and Climate-Driven Dinosaur Provinciality

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037122

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

The Early Cretaceous fauna of Victoria, Australia, provides unique data on the composition of high latitude southern hemisphere dinosaurs. We describe and review theropod dinosaur postcranial remains from the Aptian–Albian Otway and Strzelecki groups, based on at least 37 isolated bones, and more than 90 teeth from the Flat Rocks locality. Several specimens of medium- and large-bodied individuals (estimated up to ~8.5 metres long) represent allosauroids. Tyrannosauroids are represented by elements indicating medium body sizes (~3 metres long), likely including the holotype femur of Timimus hermani, and a single cervical vertebra represents a juvenile spinosaurid. Single specimens representing medium- and small-bodied theropods may be referrable to Ceratosauria, Ornithomimosauria, a basal coelurosaur, and at least three taxa within Maniraptora. Thus, nine theropod taxa may have been present. Alternatively, four distinct dorsal vertebrae indicate a minimum of four taxa. However, because most taxa are known from single bones, it is likely that small-bodied theropod diversity remains underestimated. The high abundance of allosauroids and basal coelurosaurs (including tyrannosauroids and possibly ornithomimosaurs), and the relative rarity of ceratosaurs, is strikingly dissimilar to penecontemporaneous dinosaur faunas of Africa and South America, which represent an arid, lower-latitude biome. Similarities between dinosaur faunas of Victoria and the northern continents concern the proportional representatation of higher clades, and may result from the prevailing temperate–polar climate of Australia, especially at high latitudes in Victoria, which is similar to the predominant warm–temperate climate of Laurasia, but distinct from the arid climate zone that covered extensive areas of Gondwana. Most dinosaur groups probably attained a near-cosmopolitan distribution in the Jurassic, prior to fragmentation of the Pangaean supercontinent, and some aspects of the hallmark ‘Gondwanan’ fauna of South America and Africa may therefore reflect climate-driven provinciality, not vicariant evolution driven by continental fragmentation. However, vicariance may still be detected at lower phylogenetic levels.

References

[1]  Walker JD, Geissman JW (2009) Geologic Time Scale: Geological Society of America (doi. 10.1130/2009.CTS004R2C).
[2]  Gardner JD, Cifelli RL (1999) A primitive snake from the Cretaceous of Utah. Special Papers in Palaeontology 60: 87–100.
[3]  Ji Q, Luo Z-X, Yuan C-X, Wible JR, Zhang J-P, et al. (2002) The earliest known eutherian mammal. Nature 416: 816–822.
[4]  Luo Z-X, Ji Q, Wible JR, Yuan C-X (2003) An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science 302: 1934–1940.
[5]  Zhou Z (2004) The origin and early evolution of birds: discoveries, disputes, and perspectives from fossil evidence. Naturwissenschaften 91: 455–471.
[6]  Smith AG, Smith DG, Funnell BM (1994) Atlas of Mesozoic and Cenozoic coastlines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 99 p.
[7]  Upchurch P, Hunn CA, Norman DB (2002) An analysis of dinosaurian biogeography: evidence for the existence of vicariance and dispersal patterns caused by geological events. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269: 613–621.
[8]  Turner AH (2004) Crocodyliform biogeography during the Cretaceous: evidence of Gondwanan vicariance from biogeographical analysis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 27: 2003–2009.
[9]  Upchurch P (2008) Gondwanan break-up: legacies of a lost world? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 229–236.
[10]  Cogné J-P, Humler E (2008) Global scale patterns of continental fragmentation: Wilson's cycles as a constraint for long-term sea-level changes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 273: 251–259.
[11]  Jokat W, Boebel T, K?nig M, Meyer U (2003) Timing and geometry of early Gondwana breakup. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(B9): 2428 (doi. 10.1029/2002JB001802).
[12]  Jokat W, Ritzmann O, Reichert C, Hinz K (2005) Deep crustal structure of the continental margin off the Explora Escarpment and in the Lazarev Sea, East Antarctica. Marine Geophysical Researches 25: 283–304.
[13]  Weishampel DB, Barrett PM, Coria RA, Le Loeuff RA, Xu X, et al. (2004) Dinosaur distribution. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. pp. 517–606.
[14]  Novas FE (2009) The Age of Dinosaurs in South America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 452 p.
[15]  Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Pais DF, Salisbury SW (2010) A reappraisal of the Cretaceous non-avian dinosaur faunas from Australia and New Zealand: evidence for their Gondwanan affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 257–300.
[16]  Benson RBJ, Barrett PM, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2010) A southern tyrant reptile. Science 327: 1613.
[17]  Barrett PM, Benson RBJ, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2011) First spinosaurid dinosaur from Australia and the cosmopolitanism of Cretaceous dinosaur faunas. Biology Letters 7: 933–936.
[18]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2003) Protoceratopsian? ulnae from Australia. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston 113: 1–12.
[19]  Smith ND, Makovicky PJ, Agnolin FL, Ezcurra MD, Pais DF, et al. (2008) A Megaraptor-like theropod (Dinosauria: Tetanurae) in Australia: support for faunal exchange across eastern and western Gondwana in the mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 275: 2085–2093.
[20]  Benson RBJ, Barrett PM, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P, Pickering D, et al. (2010) Response to comment on “A Southern Tyrant Reptile”. Science 329: 1013-d.
[21]  Benson RBJ, Brusatte SL, Carrano MT (2010) A new clade of archaic large-bodied predatory dinosaurs (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) that survived to the latest Mesozoic. Naturwissenschaften 97: 71–78.
[22]  Herne MC, Nair JP, Salisbury SW (2010) Comment on “A Southern Tyrant Reptile”. Science 27: 1013.
[23]  Bonaparte JF (1986) History of the terrestrial Cretaceous vertebrates of Gondwana. In: Bonaparte JF, editor. Evolución de los Vertebrados Mesozoicos. Mendoza: Actas IV Congreso Argentino de Paleontología Bioestratigrafía. pp. pp. 63–95.
[24]  Bonaparte JF, Kielan-Jaworowska Z (1987) Late Cretaceous dinosaur and mammal faunas of Laurasia and Gondwana. In: Currie PJ, Koster EH, editors. Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems. Drumheller: Tyrell Museum of Palaeontology. pp. 24–29.
[25]  Makovicky PJ, Apesteguía S, Agnolin FL (2005) The earliest dromaeosaurid from South America. Nature 437: 1007–1011.
[26]  Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Chure DJ, Xu X, Sullivan C, et al. (2009) The first definitive carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Asia and the delayed ascent of tyrannosaurids. Naturwissenschaften 96: 1051–1058.
[27]  Carrano MT, Benson RBJ, Sampson SD (2012) The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaentology.
[28]  Hu D, Hou L, Zhang L, Xu X (2009) A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature 461: 640–643.
[29]  Choiniere JN, Xu X, Clark JM, Forster CA, Guo Y, et al. (2010) A basal alvarezsauroid theropod from the early Late Jurassic of Xinjiang, China. Science 327: 571–574.
[30]  Rauhut OWM, Milner AC, Moore-Fay S (2010) Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur Proceratosaurus bradleyi (Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 155–195.
[31]  Xu X, Ma Q-Y, Hu D-Y (2010) Pre-Archaeopteryx coelurosaurian dinosaurs and their implications for understanding avian origins. Chinese Science Bulletin 55: 3971–3977.
[32]  Sereno PC (1997) The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 25: 435–489.
[33]  Sereno PC (1999) The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137–2147.
[34]  Mannion PD, Upchurch P (2011) A re-evaluation of the ‘mid-Cretaceous sauropod hiatus’ and the impact of uneven sampling of the fossil record on patterns of regional dinosaur extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 299: 529–540.
[35]  Mannion PD, Benson RBJ, Upchurch P, Butler RJ, Carrano MT, et al. (2012) A temperate palaeodiversity peak in Mesozoic dinosaur and evidence for Late Cretaceous geographical partitioning. Global Ecology and Biogeography (doi. 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00735.x).
[36]  Stromer E (1915) Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-physikalische Klasse 28: 1–32.
[37]  Stromer E (1931) Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. En Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie des Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 9: 1–23.
[38]  Stromer E (1934) Wirbeltierreste der Bahar?je-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman) 13. Dinosauria. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie des Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung 22: 1–79.
[39]  Sereno PC, Dutheil DB, Larochene M, Larsson HCE, Lyon GH, et al. (1996) Predatory dinosaur from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272: 986–991.
[40]  Sereno PC, Beck AI, Dutheil DB, Gado B, Larsson HCE, et al. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosauroids. Science 282: 1298–1302.
[41]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (1994) Neoceratopsians and ornithomimosaurs: dinosaurs of Gondwanan origin? National Geographic Research and Exploration 10: 129–131.
[42]  Hailu Y, Dodson P (2004) Basal Ceratopsia. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. pp. 478–493.
[43]  Currie PJ, Vickers-Rich P, Rich TH (1996) Possible oviraptorosaur (Theropoda, Dinosauria) specimens from the Early Cretaceous Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove, Australia. Alcheringa 20: 73–79.
[44]  Turner AH, Pol D, Clarke JA, Erickson GM, Norell MA (2007) A basal dromaeosaurid and size evolution preceeding avian flight. Science 317: 1378.
[45]  Hocknull SA, White MA, Tischler TR, Cook AG, Calleja ND, et al. (2009) New mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLoS ONE 4(7): e6190 (doi. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006190).
[46]  Molnar RE (1980) Australian late Mesozoic terrestrial tetrapods: some implications. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, new series 139: 131–143.
[47]  Molnar RE, Pledge NS (1980) A new theropod dinosaur from South Australia. Alcheringa 4: 281–287.
[48]  Long JA (1998) Dinosaurs of Australia and New Zealand and other animals of the Mesozoic Era. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 188 p.
[49]  Barrett PM, Kear BP, Benson RBJ (2010) Opalized archosaur remains from the Bulldog Shale (Aptian: Lower Cretaceous) of South Australia. Alcheringa 34: 293–301.
[50]  Huene F von (1932) Die fossile Reptil-Ordnung Saurischia, ihre Entwicklung und Geschichte. Monographien zue Geologie und Palaeontologie 4: 1–361.
[51]  Molnar RE, Galton PM (1986) Hypsilophodontid dinosaurs from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia. Géobios 19: 231–239.
[52]  Longman HA (1933) A new dinosaur from the Queensland Cretaceous. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 10: 131–144.
[53]  Molnar RE (1980) An ankylosaur (Ornithischia: Reptilia) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20: 77–87.
[54]  Bartholomai A, Molnar RE (1981) Muttaburrasaurus, a new iguanodontid (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 20: 319–349.
[55]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (1997) Future directions for dinosaur research in Australia. In: Wolberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, editors. Dinofest International Proceedings. Philadeplphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences. pp. 275–277.
[56]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2003) A century of Australian dinosaurs. Launceston: Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery, Launceston. 124 p.
[57]  Wagstaff BE, McEwan-Mason J (1989) Palynological dating of Lower Cretaceous coastal vertebrate localities, Victoria, Australia. National Geograhic Research 5: 54–63.
[58]  Vickers-Rich P, Rich TH, Wagstaff BE, McEwan-Mason J, Douthitt CB, et al. (1988) Evidence for low temperature and biologic diversity in Cretaceous high latitudes of Australia. Science 242: 1403–1406.
[59]  Rich TH, Rich P (1989) Polar dinosaurs and biotas of the Early Cretaceous of southeastern Australia. National Geographic Research 5: 15–53.
[60]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (1999) The Hypsilophodontidae from southeastern Australia. National Science Museum Monographs 15: 167–180.
[61]  Vickers-Rich P, Rich TH (1997) The polar dinosaurs of southeastern Australia. In: Wolberg DL, Stump E, Rosenberg GD, editors. Dinofest International Proceedings. Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. pp. pp. 253–257.
[62]  Embleton BJJ, McElhinny MW (1982) Marine magnetic anomalies, palaeomagnetism and the drift history of Gondwanaland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 58: 141–150.
[63]  Idnurm M (1985) Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic palaeomagnstism of Australia — 1. A redetermined apparent polar wander path. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 83: 399–418.
[64]  Constantine A, Chinsamy A, Vickers-Rich P, Rich TH (1998) Periglacial environments and polar dinosaurs. South African Journal of Science 94: 137–141.
[65]  Gregory RT, Douthitt CB, Duddy IR, Vickers-Rich P, Rich TH (1989) Oxygen isotope composition of carbonate concretions from the Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, Australia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 92: 27–42.
[66]  Barrett PM, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2010) Ankylosaurian dinosaur remains from the Lower Cretaceous of southeastern Australia. Alcheringa 34: 205–217.
[67]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P, Constantine A, Flannery TF, Kool L, et al. (1997) A tribosphenic mammal from the Mesozoic of Australia. Science 278: 1438–1442.
[68]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P, Constantine A, Flannery TF, Kool L, et al. (1999) Early Cretaceous mammals from Flat Rocks, Victoria, Australia. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 106: 1–34.
[69]  Rich TH, Flannery TF, Trusler P, Kool L, van Klaveren NA, et al. (2001) A second tribosphenic mammal from the Mesozoic of Australia. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum 110: 1–9.
[70]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2004) Diversity of Early Cretaceous mammals from Victoria, Australia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 285: 36–53.
[71]  Close RA, Vickers-Rich P, Trusler P, Chiappe LM, O'Connor J, et al. (2009) Earliest Gondwana bird from the Cretaceous of southeastern Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29: 616–619.
[72]  Warren AA, Kool L, Cleeland M, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (1991) An Early Cretaceous labyrinthodont. Alcheringa 15: 327–332.
[73]  Warren AA, Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (1997) The last labyrinthodonts? Palaeontographica Abteilung A 247: 1–24.
[74]  Waldman M (1971) Fish from the freshwater Lower Cretaceous of Victoria, Australia, with comments on the palaeonenvironment. Special Papers in Palaeontology 9: 1–124.
[75]  Jell PA, Duncan PM (1986) Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater, Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists Memoir 3: 111–205.
[76]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2009) A potential Gondwanan polar Jehol Biota lookalike in Victoria, Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria 121(2): v– xiii:
[77]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P (2000) The Dinosaurs of Darkness. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. 222 p.
[78]  Woodward AS (1906) On a tooth of Ceratodus and a dinosaurian claw from the Lower Jurassic of Victoria, Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18: 1–3.
[79]  Brochu CA (2002) Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7: 1–138.
[80]  Huxley TH (1868) On the animals that are most nearly intermediate between birds and reptiles. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, fourth series 2: 66–75.
[81]  Ostrom JH (1973) The ancestry of birds. Nature 242: 136.
[82]  Padian K, Chiappe LM (1998) The origin and early evolution of birds. Biological Reviews 73: 1–42.
[83]  Agnolin FL, Novas FE (2011) Unenlagiid theropods: are they members of the Dromaeosauridae (Theropoda, Maniraptora)? Annais da Academia Brasileira de Ciêncas 83: 117–162.
[84]  Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H (2004) The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 p.
[85]  Charig AJ, Milner AC (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series 53: 11–70.
[86]  O'Connor PM (2007) The postcranial axial skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 127–162.
[87]  Rauhut OWM (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 69: 1–213.
[88]  Madsen JH (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Bulletin 109: 3–163.
[89]  Sereno PC, Martinez RN, Wilson JA, Varricchio DJ, Alcober OA, et al. (2008) Evidence for avian intrathoracic air sacs in a new predatory dinosaur from Argentina. PLoS ONE 3(9): e3303. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003303.
[90]  Chiappe LM, Norell MA, Clark JM (2002) The Cretaceous, short-armed Alvearezsauridae. In: Chiappe LM, Witmer LM, editors. Mesozoic Birds. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 87–120.
[91]  Ostrom JH (1978) The osteology of Compsognathus longipes. Zitteliana 4: 73–118.
[92]  Peyer K (2006) A reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjeurs, Southeastern France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26: 879–896.
[93]  Bonaparte JF, Novas FE, Coria RA (1990) Carnotaurus sastrei Bonparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science 416: 1–42.
[94]  Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA (2012) The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 366: 1–197.
[95]  Currie PJ, Zhao X-J (1994) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30(for 1993): 2037–2081.
[96]  Brusatte SL, Sereno PC (2007) A new species of Carcharodontosaurus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Cenomanian of Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 902–916.
[97]  Gauthier J (1986) Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8: 1–55.
[98]  Smith ND, Makovicky P, Hammer WR, Currie PJ (2007) Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 377–421.
[99]  Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Hutt S (2008) The osteology of Neovenator salerii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Wealden Group (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Palaeontographical Society Monographs 162(631): 1–75.
[100]  Benson RBJ (2010) A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 158: 882–935.
[101]  Britt BB (1993) Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. PhD thesis, University of Calgary.
[102]  Harris JD (1998) Reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and implications, based on a new specimen. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13: 1–75.
[103]  Benson RBJ, Butler RJ, Carrano MT, O'Connor PM (2012) Air-filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’-bird transition. Biological Reviews 87: 168–193.
[104]  Ostrom JH (1969) Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropods from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 30: 1–165.
[105]  Makovicky PJ (1995) Phylogenetic aspects of the vertebral morphology of Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Master's thesis, University of Copenhagen.
[106]  Norell MA, Makovicky PJ (1999) Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates 3282: 1–45.
[107]  Norell MA, Makovicky PJ (2004) Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. pp. 196–209.
[108]  Wilson JA (1999) A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639–653.
[109]  Forster CA, Sampson SD, Chiappe LM, Krausse DW (1998) The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 279: 1915–1919.
[110]  Norell MA, Makovicky PJ, Bever GS, Balanoff AM, Clark JM, et al. (2009) A review of the Mongolian Cretaceous dinosaur Saurornithoides (Troodontidae: Theropoda). American Museum Novitates 3654: 1–63.
[111]  Zanno LE (2010) Osteology of Falcarius utahensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda): characterizing the anatomy of basal therizinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 196–230.
[112]  Novas FE (1997) Anatomy of Patagonykus puertai (Theropoda, Avialae, Alvarezsauridae), from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 137–166.
[113]  Perle A, Chiappe LM, Barsbold R, Clark JM, Norell MA (1994) Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 3105: 1–29.
[114]  Hwang SH, Norell MA, Qiang J, Keqin G (2002) New specimens of Microraptor zhaoianus (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from Northeastern China. American Museum Novitates 3381: 1–44.
[115]  Ji Q, Currie PJ, Norell MA, Ji S-A (1998) Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature 393: 753–761.
[116]  Zhou Z, Wang X (2000) A new species of Caudipteryx from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, northeast China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 38: 111–127. [in English with Chinese summary].
[117]  Kirkland JI, Zanno LE, Sampson SD, Clark JM, DeBlieux DD (2005) A primitive therizinosauroid dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Utah. Nature 435: 84–87.
[118]  Hwang SH, Norell MA, Quiang J, Keqin G (2004) A large compsognathid from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2: 13–30.
[119]  Sues H-D (1997) On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: 698–716.
[120]  Karhu AA, Rautian AS (1996) A new family of Maniraptora (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Paleontological Journal 30: 583–592.
[121]  Vickers-Rich P, Chiappe LM, Kurzanov S (2002) The enigmatic birdlike dinosaur Avimimus portentosus. In: Chiappe LM, Witmer LM, editors. Mesozoic Birds. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 65–86.
[122]  Osmólska H, Roniewicz E, Barsbold R (1972) A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen., n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica Polonica 27: 103–143.
[123]  Carpenter K, Miles C, Cloward K (2005) New small theropod from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Wyoming. In: Carpenter K, editor. The Carnivorous Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 23–48.
[124]  Makovicky PJ, Sues H-D (1998) Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. American Museum Novitates 3240: 1–27.
[125]  Ji Q, Norell MA, Makovicky PJ, Gao K-Q, Ji S-A, et al. (2003) An early ostrich dinosaur and implications for ornithomimosaur phylogeny. American Museum Novitates 3420: 1–19.
[126]  Carrano MT, Loewen MA, Sertich JW (2010) New materials of Masiakasaurus knopfleri Sampson, Carrano, and Forster, 2001, and implications for the morphology of the Noasauridae (Theropoda: Ceratosauria). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 95: 1–53.
[127]  Barsbold R, Osmólska H, Watabe M, Currie PJ, Tsogtbataar K (2000) A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: the first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45: 97–106.
[128]  Xu X, Zhang Z-H, Sereno PC, Zhao X-J, Kuang X-W, et al. (2002) A new therizinosauroid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation of Nei Mongol. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 40: 228–240.
[129]  Zanno LE (2010) A taxonomic and phylogenetic re-evaluation of Therizinosauria (Dinosauria: Maniraptora). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8: 503–543.
[130]  Xu X, Clark JM, Forster CA, Norell MA, Erickson GM, et al. (2006) A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Nature 439: 715–718.
[131]  Benson RBJ, Xu X (2008) The anatomy and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Chilantaisaurus tashuikouensis Hu, 1964 from the Early Cretaceous of Alanshan, People's Republic of China. Geological Magazine 145: 778–789.
[132]  Britt BB (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 37: 1–72.
[133]  Novas FE, Ezcurra MD, Lecuona A (2008) Orkoraptor burkei nov. gen. et sp., a large theropod from the Maastrichtian Pari Aike Formation, southern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 29: 468–480.
[134]  Makovicky PJ, Kobayashi Y, Currie PJ (2004) Ornithomimosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 137–150.
[135]  Coria RA, Chiappe LM, Dingus L (2002) A new close relative of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte 1985 (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 460–465.
[136]  Calvo JO, Porfiri JD, Veralli C, Novas FE, Poblete F (2004) Phylogenetic status of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii Novas based on a new specimen from Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina. Ameghiniana 41: 565–575.
[137]  Mateus O (1998) Lourinhanosaurus antunesi, a new Upper Jurassic allosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Lourinh? (Portugal). Mémorias da Academia Ciêncas de Lisboa 37: 111–124.
[138]  Kirkland JI, Wolfe DG (2001) First definitive therizinosauroid (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 410–414.
[139]  Galton PM (1974) The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series 25: 1–152.
[140]  Welles SP (1984) Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85–180.
[141]  Currie PJ, Carpenter K (2000) A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22: 207–246.
[142]  Bonaparte JF (1986) Les dinosaures (Carnosaures, Allosauridés, Sauropodes, Cétiosaurides) du Jurassique moyen de Cerro Cóndor (Chubut, Argentine). Annales de Paléontologie (Vertebrés-Invertebrés) 72: 247–289.
[143]  Carrano MT (2007) The appendicular skeleton of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 163–179.
[144]  Tykoski RS, Rowe T (2004) Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 47–70.
[145]  Azuma Y, Currie PJ (2000) A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37: 1735–1753.
[146]  Novas FE (1998) Megaraptor namunhuaiquii, gen. et sp. nov., a large-clawed Late Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 4–9.
[147]  Ortega F, Escaso F, Sanz JL (2010) A bizarre, humped Carcharodontosauria (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 467: 203–206.
[148]  Galton PM, Jensen JA (1979) A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado. Brigham Young University Geology Studies 26: 1–12.
[149]  Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Norell MA (2011) The anatomy of Dryptosaurus aquilunguis (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and a review of its tyrannosauroid affinities. American Museum Novitates 3717: 1–53.
[150]  Ji Q, Ji S-A, Zhang L-J (2009) First large tyrannosauroid theropod from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in northeastern China. Geological Bulletin of China 28: 1369–1374.
[151]  Brusatte SL, Norell MA, Carr TD, Erickson GM, Hutchinson JR, et al. (2010) Tyrannosaur paleobiology: new research on ancient exemplar organisms. Science 329: 1481–1485.
[152]  Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Xu X (2010) The evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic in Asia. Journal of Iberian Geology 36: 275–296.
[153]  Longrich N (2008) A new, large ornithomimid from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada: implications for the study of dissociated dinosaur remains. Palaeontology 51: 983–997.
[154]  Kobayashi Y, Lü J-C (2003) A new ornithomimid dinosaur with gregarious habits from the Late Cretaceous of China. Acta Palaeontological Polonica 48: 235–259.
[155]  Holtz TR (2001) The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae. In: Tanke DH, Carpenter K, editors. Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 64–83.
[156]  Benson RBJ (2008) New information on Stokesosaurus, a tyrannosauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from North America and the United Kingdom. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: 732–750.
[157]  Hutchinson JR (2001) The evolution of pelvic osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 123–168.
[158]  Benson RBJ (2009) An assessment of variability in theropod dinosaur remains from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of Stonesfield and New Park Quarry and taxonomic implications for Megalosaurus bucklandii and Iliosuchus incognitos. Palaeontology 52: 857–877.
[159]  Lü J-C, Zhang B-K (2005) [A new oviraptorid (Theropod: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of Southern China]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 44: 412–422. [in Chinese with English summary].
[160]  Xu X, Zhao Q, Norell M, Sullivan C, Hone D, et al. (2009) A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin. Chinese Science Bulletin 54: 430–435.
[161]  Li D, Norell MA, Gao K-Q, Smith ND, Makovicky PJ (2010) A longirostrine tyrannosauroid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 277: 183–190.
[162]  Kobayashi Y, Barsbold R (2005) Re-examination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 1501–1521.
[163]  Novas FE (2004) Avian traits of the ilium of Unenlagia comahuensis. In: Currie PJ, editor. Feathered Dragons. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press. pp. 150–166.
[164]  Currie PJ, Russell DA (1988) Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25: 972–986.
[165]  Russell DA (1970) Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Palaeontology 1: 1–34.
[166]  Burnham DA, Derstler KL, Currie PJ, Bakker RT, Zhou Z, et al. (2003) Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. Paleontological Contributions of the University of Kansas 13: 1–14.
[167]  Xu X, Norell MA, Wang X-L, Makovicky PJ, Wu X-C (2002) A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 415: 780–784.
[168]  Novas FE, Puerta PF (1997) New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 387: 390–392.
[169]  Bonaparte JF (1999) Tetrapod faunas from South America and India: a palaeobiogeographic interpretation. In: Sahni A, Loyal RS, editors. Gondwana assembly: new issues and perspectives. New Delhi: Indian National Academy of Science. pp. 218–229.
[170]  Currie PJ, Peng J-H (1993) A juvenile specimen of Saurornithoides mongoliensis from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30: 2224–2230.
[171]  Carrano MT, Sampson SD, Forster CA (2002) The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 510–534.
[172]  Carrano MT (2006) Dinosaur size evolution. In: Carrano MT, Gaudin T, Blob RW, Wible JR, editors. Amniote Paleobiology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–268.
[173]  Hutchinson JR (2001) The evolution of femoral osteology and soft tissues on the line to extant birds (Neornithes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131: 169–197.
[174]  Allain R (2005) The postcranial anatomy of the megalosaur Dubreuillosaurus valesdunensis (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: 850–858.
[175]  Holtz TR (2004) Tyrannosauroidea. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria, Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. pp. 111–136.
[176]  Ostrom JH (1976) On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Breviora 436: 1–21.
[177]  Holtz TR (2000) A new phlogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs. Gaia 15: 5–61.
[178]  Makovicky PJ, Li D, Gao K-Q, Lewin M, Erickson GM, et al. (2010) A giant ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous of China. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 277: 191–198.
[179]  Kilbourne BM, Makovicky PJ (2010) Limb bone allometry during postnatal ontogeny in non-avian dinosaurs. Journal of Anatomy 217: 135–152.
[180]  Currie PJ, Azuma Y (2006) New specimens, including a growth series, of Fukuiraptor (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Kitadani Quarry of Japan. Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 22: 173–193.
[181]  Kellner AWA (1999) Short note on a new dinosaur (Theropoda, Coelurosauria) from the Santana Formation (Romulado Member, Albian), northeastern Brazil. Boletim do Museu Nacional, nova série 49: 1–8.
[182]  Lü J-C, Zhang B-K (2005) A new oviraptorid (theropod: Oviraptorosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Nanxiong Basin, Guangdong Province of Southern China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 44: 412–422.
[183]  Molnar RE, Flannery TF, Rich TH (1981) An allosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria, Australia. Alcheringa 5: 141–146.
[184]  Welles SP (1983) Allosaurus (Saurischia, Theropoda) not yet in Australia. Journal of Paleontology 57: 196.
[185]  Molnar RE, Flannery TF, Rich TH (1985) Aussie Allosaurus after all. Journal of Paleontology 59: 1511–1513.
[186]  Fitzgerald EMG, Carrano MT, Holland T, Wagstaff B, Pickering D, et al. First ceratosaurian dinosaur from Australia. Naturwissenschaften. (in press).
[187]  Brusatte SL, Benson RBJ, Carr TD, Williamson TE (2007) The systematic utility of theropod enamel wrinkles. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27: 1052–1056.
[188]  Rauhut OWM, Werner C (1995) First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) int eh Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan. Pal?ontologische Zeitschrift 69: 475–489.
[189]  Sweetman SC (2004) The first record of velociraptorine dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Wealden (Early Cretaceous, Barremian) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 25: 353–364.
[190]  Carrano MT, Sampson SD (2008) The phylogeny of Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6: 183–236.
[191]  Le Loeuff J, Buffetaut E (1991) Tarascosaurus salluvicus nov. gen., nov. sp., dinosaure théropode du Crétacé Supérieur du sud de la France. Geobios 25: 585–594.
[192]  Upchurch P, Barrett PM, Dodson P (2004) Sauropoda. In: Weishampel DB, Dodson P, Osmólska H, editors. The Dinosauria. Second Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 259–324.
[193]  Rich TH (2008) The palaeobiogeography of Mesozoic mammals. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 66: 231–249.
[194]  Salisbury SW, Molnar RE, Frey E, Willis PMA (2006) The origin of modern crocodyliforms: new evidence from the Cretaceous of Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273: 2439–2448.
[195]  Martin JE, Delfino M (2010) Recent advances in the comprehension of the biogeography of Cretaceous European eusuchians. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 293: 406–418.
[196]  Coria RA, Salgado L (1995) A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 377: 244–246.
[197]  Novas FE, Valais S de, Vickers-Rich P, Rich T (2005) A large Cretaceous theropod from Patagonia, Argentina, and the evolution of carcharodontosaurids. Naturwissenschaften 92: 226–230.
[198]  Depéret C, Savorinin J (1925) Sur la découverte d'une faune de Vertébrés albiens à Timimoun (Sahara occidental). Comptes-Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances 181: 1108–1111.
[199]  Coria RA, Currie PJ (2006) A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas 28: 71–118.
[200]  Novas FE, Bandyopadhyay S (2001) Abelisaurid pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous of India. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 7: 145–149.
[201]  Sereno PC, Wilson JA, Conrad JL (2004) New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 271: 1325–1330.
[202]  Sampson SD, Krausse DW (2007) Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 1–184.
[203]  Smith JB (2007) Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 8: 103–126.
[204]  Rich TH, Rich PV, Wagstaff B, McEwen-Mason J, Douthitt CB, et al. (1989) Early Cretaceous biota from the northern side of the Australo-Antarctic rift valley. Geological Society Special Publication 47: 121–130.
[205]  Salgado L, Coria RA (2005) Sauropods of Patagonia: systematic update and notes on global sauropod evolution. In: Lizards Thunder, editor. the Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 430–453.
[206]  Novas FE, Cambiaso AV, Lirio J, Nú?ez H (2002) Paleobiogeografía de los dinosaurios cretácicos polares de Gondwana. Ameghiniana Resúmenes) 39(4): 15R.
[207]  Rauhut OWM (2005) Osteology and relationships of a new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Patagonia. Palaeontology 48: 87–110.
[208]  Rauhut OWM (2011) Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania). Special Papers in Palaeontology 86: 195–239.
[209]  Skelton PW (2003) The Cretaceous World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 361 p.
[210]  Cerda IA, Carabajal AP, Salgado L, Coria RA, Reguero MA, et al. (2012) The first record of a sauropod dinosaur form Antarctica. Naturwissenschaften (doi. 10.1007/s00114-011-0869-x).
[211]  Mendeiros MA, Freire PC, Pereira AA (2007) Another African dinosaur recorded in the paleofauna of the Laje do Coringa site. Paleontologia: Cenarios de Vida 1: 413–423.
[212]  Novas FE, Della Vecchia F, Pais D (2005) Theropod pedal unguals from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, Africa. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencas Naturales Bernadino Rivadavia 7: 167–175.
[213]  Carvalo I de S, Gasparini ZB de, Salgado L, Vasconcellos M de, Marinho T da S (2010) Climate's role in the distribution of the Cretaceous terrestrial Crocodyliformes throughout Gondwana. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 297: 252–262.
[214]  Rich TH, Vickers-Rich P, Flannery TF, Kear BP, Cantrill DJ, et al. (2009) An Australian multituberculate and its palaeobiogeographic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54: 1–6.
[215]  Herngreen GFW, Kedves M, Rovina LV, Smirnova SB (1996) Cretaceous palynofloral provinces: a review. In: Jasonius J, McGregor DC, editors. Houston: American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation 3: 1157–1188.
[216]  Hathaway B, Duane AM, Cantrill DJ, Kelly S (1999) A new radiometric tie for Lower Cretaceous terrestrial biostratigraphy in the Southern Hemisphere: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and palynology of the Cerro Negro Formation, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46: 593–606.
[217]  Cantrill DJ, Nagalingum NS (2005) Ferns from the Cretaceous of Alexander Island, Antarctica: implications of Cretaceous phytogeography of the Southern Hemisphere. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 137: 83–103.
[218]  Wilson GP, Arens NC (2001) The evolutionary impact of an epeiric seaway on Late Cretaceous and Paleocene palynofloras of South America. Associación Paleontológica Argentina, Publicación Especial 7: 185–189.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133