Cadmium in the Umtata River and the associated health impact of on rural communities who are primary users of water from the river

Trace levels of Cd were determined in Umtata River which may affect human health. The levels of Zn were also determined since Zn can provide partial protection against the toxic effect of Cd in humans. The levels of Cd varied between trace and 0.007 mg/ while that of Zn ranged from trace to 0.019 mg/ . Generally the levels of Cd and Zn found in the river were below the South African water quality guidelines for Cd and Zn, respectively. The hazard quotients for Cd in the river were calculated in order to show the potential health risks of cadmium to local primary users of water from river and the values were within acceptable limits.