| [1] | Lingwood D, Simons K (2010) Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle. Science 327: 46–50.
|
| [2] | Thomas S, Kumar RS, Brumeanu TD (2004) Role of lipid rafts in T cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 52: 215–224.
|
| [3] | Gidwani A, Holowka D, Baird B (2001) Fluorescence Anisotropy Measurements of Lipid Order in Plasma Membranes and Lipid Rafts from RBL-2H3 Mast Cells？. Biochemistry 40: 12422–12429.
|
| [4] | Prior IA, Muncke C, Parton RG, Hancock JF (2003) Direct visualization of Ras proteins in spatially distinct cell surface microdomains. J Cell Biol 160: 165–170.
|
| [5] | Simons K, Toomre D (2000) Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 1: 31–39.
|
| [6] | Stevens TJ, Arkin IT (2000) Do more complex organisms have a greater proportion of membrane proteins in their genomes? Proteins 39: 417–420.
|
| [7] | Saint-Ruf C, Panigada M, Azogui O, Debey P, von Boehmer H, et al. (2000) Different initiation of pre-TCR and gammadeltaTCR signalling. Nature 406: 524–527.
|
| [8] | Ebert PJ, Baker JF, Punt JA (2000) Immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes do not polarize lipid rafts in response to TCR-mediated signals. J Immunol 165: 5435–5442.
|
| [9] | Leitenberg D, Balamuth F, Bottomly K (2001) Changes in the T cell receptor macromolecular signaling complex and membrane microdomains during T cell development and activation. Semin Immunol 13: 129–138.
|
| [10] | de Mello Coelho V, Nguyen D, Giri B, Bunbury A, Schaffer E, et al. (2004) Quantitative differences in lipid raft components between murine CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. BMC Immunol 5: 2.
|
| [11] | Poloso NJ, Roche PA (2004) Association of MHC class II-peptide complexes with plasma membrane lipid microdomains. Curr Opin Immunol 16: 103–107.
|
| [12] | Gombos I, Detre C, Vamosi G, Matko J (2004) Rafting MHC-II domains in the APC (presynaptic) plasma membrane and the thresholds for T-cell activation and immunological synapse formation. Immunol Lett 92: 117–124.
|
| [13] | Anderson HA, Hiltbold EM, Roche PA (2000) Concentration of MHC class II molecules in lipid rafts facilitates antigen presentation. Nat Immunol 1: 156–162.
|
| [14] | Horejsi V (2005) Lipid rafts and their roles in T-cell activation. Microbes Infect 7: 310–316.
|
| [15] | Mitchell JS, Kanca O, McIntyre BW (2002) Lipid microdomain clustering induces a redistribution of antigen recognition and adhesion molecules on human T lymphocytes. J Immunol 168: 2737–2744.
|
| [16] | Liu SD, Whiting CC, Tomassian T, Pang M, Bissel SJ, et al. (2008) Endogenous galectin-1 enforces class I-restricted TCR functional fate decisions in thymocytes. Blood 112: 120–130.
|
| [17] | Demetriou M, Granovsky M, Quaggin S, Dennis JW (2001) Negative regulation of T-cell activation and autoimmunity by Mgat5 N-glycosylation. Nature 409: 733–739.
|
| [18] | Ho YK, Brown S, Bilheimer DW, Goldstein JL (1976) Regulation of low density lipoprotein receptor activity in freshly isolated human lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 58: 1465–1474.
|
| [19] | Verhoeye FR, Descamps O, Husson B, Hondekijn JC, Ronveaux-Dupal MF, et al. (1996) An improved method for detection of low density lipoprotein receptor defects in human T lymphocytes. J Lipid Res 37: 1377–1384.
|
| [20] | Lehoux JG, Kandalaft N, Belisle S, Bellabarba D (1985) Characterization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in human adrenal cortex. Endocrinology 117: 1462–1468.
|
| [21] | Fulop T Jr, Douziech N, Goulet AC, Desgeorges S, Linteau A, et al. (2001) Cyclodextrin modulation of T lymphocyte signal transduction with aging. Mech Ageing Dev 122: 1413–1430.
|
| [22] | Nix M, Stoffel W (2000) Perturbation of membrane microdomains reduces mitogenic signaling and increases susceptibility to apoptosis after T cell receptor stimulation. Cell Death Differ 7: 413–424.
|
| [23] | Fulop T, Larbi A, Wikby A, Mocchegiani E, Hirokawa K, et al. (2005) Dysregulation of T-cell function in the elderly : scientific basis and clinical implications. Drugs Aging 22: 589–603.
|
| [24] | Harikumar KG, Puri V, Singh RD, Hanada K, Pagano RE, et al. (2005) Differential effects of modification of membrane cholesterol and sphingolipids on the conformation, function, and trafficking of the G protein-coupled cholecystokinin receptor. J Biol Chem 280: 2176–2185.
|
| [25] | Hillyard DZ, Cameron AJ, McDonald KJ, Thomson J, MacIntyre A, et al. (2004) Simvastatin inhibits lymphocyte function in normal subjects and patients with cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 175: 305–313.
|
| [26] | Jury EC, Isenberg DA, Mauri C, Ehrenstein MR (2006) Atorvastatin restores Lck expression and lipid raft-associated signaling in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol 177: 7416–7422.
|
| [27] | Kabouridis PS, Janzen J, Magee AL, Ley SC (2000) Cholesterol depletion disrupts lipid rafts and modulates the activity of multiple signaling pathways in T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 30: 954–963.
|
| [28] | Tani-ichi S, Maruyama K, Kondo N, Nagafuku M, Kabayama K, et al. (2005) Structure and function of lipid rafts in human activated T cells. Int Immunol 17: 749–758.
|
| [29] | Nguyen DH, Espinoza JC, Taub DD (2004) Cellular cholesterol enrichment impairs T cell activation and chemotaxis. Mech Ageing Dev 125: 641–650.
|
| [30] | Van Laethem F, Baus E, Smyth LA, Andris F, Bex F, et al. (2001) Glucocorticoids attenuate T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 803–814.
|
| [31] | Goldman F, Hohl RJ, Crabtree J, Lewis-Tibesar K, Koretzky G (1996) Lovastatin inhibits T-cell antigen receptor signaling independent of its effects on ras. Blood 88: 4611–4619.
|
| [32] | Brumeanu TD, Goldstein R, Casares S (2006) Down-regulation of autoreactive T-cells by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Clin Immunol 119: 1–12.
|
| [33] | Eidinoff ML, Knoll JE, Marano BJ, Kvamme E, Rosenfeld RS, et al. (1958) Cholesterol biosynthesis: studies related to the metabolic role of squalene. J Clin Invest 37: 655–659.
|
| [34] | Mbow ML, De Gregorio E, Valiante NM, Rappuoli R (2010) New adjuvants for human vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 22: 411–416.
|
| [35] | Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Tokuda H, Iwashima A, Okuzumi J, et al. (1992) Inhibition by squalene of the tumor-promoting activity of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mouse-skin carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 52: 950–952.
|
| [36] | Rao CV, Newmark HL, Reddy BS (1998) Chemopreventive effect of squalene on colon cancer. Carcinogenesis 19: 287–290.
|
| [37] | Van Duuren BL, Goldschmidt BM (1976) Cocarcinogenic and tumor-promoting agents in tobacco carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 56: 1237–1242.
|
| [38] | Loud AV, Bucher NL (1958) The turnover of squalene in relation to the biosynthesis of cholesterol. J Biol Chem 233: 37–41.
|
| [39] | Tilvis RS, Miettinen TA (1983) Dietary squalene increases tissue sterols and fecal bile acids in the rat. Lipids 18: 32–36.
|
| [40] | Casares S, Hurtado A, McEvoy RC, Sarukhan A, von Boehmer H, et al. (2002) Down-regulation of diabetogenic CD4+ T cells by a soluble dimeric peptide-MHC class II chimera. Nat Immunol 3: 383–391.
|
| [41] | Kirberg J, Baron A, Jakob S, Rolink A, Karjalainen K, et al. (1994) Thymic selection of CD8+ single positive cells with a class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted receptor. J Exp Med 180: 25–34.
|
| [42] | Fisson S, Djelti F, Trenado A, Billiard F, Liblau R, et al. (2006) Therapeutic potential of self-antigen-specific CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells selected in vitro from a polyclonal repertoire. Eur J Immunol 36: 817–827.
|
| [43] | Surls J, Nazarov-Stoica C, Kehl M, Casares S, Brumeanu TD (2010) Differential effect of CD4+Foxp3+ T-regulatory cells on the B and T helper cell responses to influenza virus vaccination. Vaccine 28: 7319–7330.
|
| [44] | Casares S, Bona CA, Brumeanu TD (1997) Engineering and characterization of a murine MHC class II-immunoglobulin chimera expressing an immunodominant CD4 T viral epitope. Protein Eng 10: 1295–1301.
|
| [45] | Thomas S, Kumar RS, Casares S, Brumeanu TD (2003) Sensitive detection of GM1 lipid rafts and TCR partitioning in the T cell membrane. J Immunol Methods 275: 161–168.
|
| [46] | Castanho MA, Coutinho A, Prieto MJ (1992) Absorption and fluorescence spectra of polyene antibiotics in the presence of cholesterol. J Biol Chem 267: 204–209.
|
| [47] | Muller CP, Stephany DA, Winkler DF, Hoeg JM, Demosky SJ Jr, et al. (1984) Filipin as a flow microfluorometry probe for cellular cholesterol. Cytometry 5: 42–54.
|
| [48] | Nazarov-Stoica C, Surls J, Bona C, Casares S, Brumeanu TD (2009) CD28 signaling in T regulatory precursors requires p56lck and rafts integrity to stabilize the Foxp3 message. J Immunol 182: 102–110.
|
| [49] | Brumeanu TD, Preda-Pais A, Stoica C, Bona C, Casares S (2007) Differential partitioning and trafficking of GM gangliosides and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in thymic and splenic CD4 T cells. Mol Immunol 44: 530–540.
|
| [50] | Ness GC, Zhao Z, Keller RK (1994) Effect of squalene synthase inhibition on the expression of hepatic cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes, LDL receptor, and cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase. Arch Biochem Biophys 311: 277–285.
|
| [51] | Kaplan MH, Sun YL, Hoey T, Grusby MJ (1996) Impaired IL-12 responses and enhanced development of Th2 cells in Stat4-deficient mice. Nature 382: 174–177.
|
| [52] | Kaplan MH, Schindler U, Smiley ST, Grusby MJ (1996) Stat6 is required for mediating responses to IL-4 and for development of Th2 cells. Immunity 4: 313–319.
|
| [53] | Cantrell DA, Collins MK, Crumpton MJ (1988) Autocrine regulation of T-lymphocyte proliferation: differential induction of IL-2 and IL-2 receptor. Immunology 65: 343–349.
|
| [54] | Cantrell D, Smith K (1984) The interleukin-2 T-cell system: a new cell growth model. Science 224: 1312.
|
| [55] | Chan AC, Irving BA, Fraser JD, Weiss A (1991) The zeta chain is associated with a tyrosine kinase and upon T-cell antigen receptor stimulation associates with ZAP-70, a 70-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88: 9166–9170.
|
| [56] | Lenschow DJ, Walunas TL, Bluestone JA (1996) CD28/B7 system of T cell costimulation. Annu Rev Immunol 14: 233–258.
|
| [57] | Bot A, Casares S, Bot S, von Boehmer H, Bona C (1998) Cellular mechanisms involved in protection against influenza virus infection in transgenic mice expressing a TCR receptor specific for class II hemagglutinin peptide in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. J Immunol 160: 4500–4507.
|
| [58] | Sakaguchi S (2005) Naturally arising Foxp3-expressing CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells in immunological tolerance to self and non-self. Nat Immunol 6: 345–352.
|
| [59] | Zeyda M, Stulnig TM (2006) Lipid Rafts & Co.: an integrated model of membrane organization in T cell activation. Prog Lipid Res 45: 187–202.
|
| [60] | Owen DM, Oddos S, Kumar S, Davis DM, Neil MA, et al. (2010) High plasma membrane lipid order imaged at the immunological synapse periphery in live T cells. Mol Membr Biol 27: 178–189.
|
| [61] | Simons K, Gerl MJ (2010) Revitalizing membrane rafts: new tools and insights. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 11: 688–699.
|
| [62] | Cuthbert JA, Lipsky PE (1987) Provision of cholesterol to lymphocytes by high density and low density lipoproteins. Requirement for low density lipoprotein receptors. J Biol Chem 262: 7808–7818.
|
| [63] | Cuthbert JA, Lipsky PE (1987) Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation by cholesterol: the role of endogenous sterol metabolism and low density lipoprotein receptors. Int J Tissue React 9: 447–457.
|
| [64] | Cuthbert JA, Lipsky PE (1986) Promotion of human T lymphocyte activation and proliferation by fatty acids in low density and high density lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 261: 3620–3627.
|
| [65] | Maganto-Garcia E, Tarrio ML, Grabie N, Bu DX, Lichtman AH (2011) Dynamic changes in regulatory T cells are linked to levels of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 124: 185–195.
|
| [66] | Ganesan A, Crum-Cianflone N, Higgins J, Qin J, Rehm C, et al. (2011) High dose atorvastatin decreases cellular markers of immune activation without affecting HIV-1 RNA levels: results of a double-blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial. J Infect Dis 203: 756–764.
|
| [67] | Matko J, Szollosi J (2002) Landing of immune receptors and signal proteins on lipid rafts: a safe way to be spatio-temporally coordinated? Immunol Lett 82: 3–15.
|
| [68] | Matko J, Bodnar A, Vereb G, Bene L, Vamosi G, et al. (2002) GPI-microdomains (membrane rafts) and signaling of the multi-chain interleukin-2 receptor in human lymphoma/leukemia T cell lines. Eur J Biochem 269: 1199–1208.
|
| [69] | Montixi C, Langlet C, Bernard AM, Thimonier J, Dubois C, et al. (1998) Engagement of T cell receptor triggers its recruitment to low-density detergent-insoluble membrane domains. EMBO J 17: 5334–5348.
|
| [70] | Xavier R, Brennan T, Li Q, McCormack C, Seed B (1998) Membrane compartmentation is required for efficient T cell activation. Immunity 8: 723–732.
|
| [71] | Canda-Sanchez A, Salgado FJ, Perez-Diaz A, Varela-Gonzalez C, Arias P, et al. (2009) Differential distribution of both IL-12Rbeta chains in the plasma membrane of human T cells. J Membr Biol 227: 1–12.
|
| [72] | Li QR, Ma J, Wang H, Li JS (2005) Interleukin-2alpha receptor in membrane lipid rafts. Transplant Proc 37: 2395–2397.
|
| [73] | Goebel J, Forrest K, Morford L, Roszman TL (2002) Differential localization of IL-2- and -15 receptor chains in membrane rafts of human T cells. J Leukoc Biol 72: 199–206.
|
| [74] | Marmor MD, Julius M (2001) Role for lipid rafts in regulating interleukin-2 receptor signaling. Blood 98: 1489–1497.
|
| [75] | Rao R, Logan B, Forrest K, Roszman TL, Goebel J (2004) Lipid rafts in cytokine signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 15: 103–110.
|
| [76] | Viola A, Schroeder S, Sakakibara Y, Lanzavecchia A (1999) T lymphocyte costimulation mediated by reorganization of membrane microdomains. Science 283: 680–682.
|
| [77] | Fessler MB, Parks JS (2011) Intracellular lipid flux and membrane microdomains as organizing principles in inflammatory cell signaling. J Immunol 187: 1529–1535.
|
| [78] | Zhang FL, Casey PJ (1996) Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Annu Rev Biochem 65: 241–269.
|
| [79] | Senthilkumar S, Devaki T, Manohar BM, Babu MS (2006) Effect of squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Clin Chim Acta 364: 335–342.
|
| [80] | Krummen M, Balkow S, Shen L, Heinz S, Loquai C, et al. (2010) Release of IL-12 by dendritic cells activated by TLR ligation is dependent on MyD88 signaling, whereas TRIF signaling is indispensable for TLR synergy. J Leukoc Biol 88: 189–199.
|
| [81] | Ghazizadeh R, Tosa M, Ghazizadeh M (2011) Clinical improvement in psoriasis with treatment of associated hyperlipidemia. Am J Med Sci 341: 394–398.
|
