全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

The Metabolic Responses to Aerial Diffusion of Essential Oils

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044830

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychiatric disorders and affect a great number of people worldwide. Essential oils, take effects through inhalation or topical application, are believed to enhance physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being. Although clinical studies suggest that the use of essential oils may have therapeutic potential, evidence for the efficacy of essential oils in treating medical conditions remains poor, with a particular lack of studies employing rigorous analytical methods that capture its identifiable impact on human biology. Here, we report a comprehensive gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS) based metabonomics study that reveals the aromas-induced metabolic changes and the anxiolytic effect of aromas in elevated plus maze (EPM) induced anxiety model rats. The significant alteration of metabolites in the EPM group was attenuated by aromas treatment, concurrent with the behavioral improvement with significantly increased open arms time and open arms entries. Brain tissue and urinary metabonomic analysis identified a number of altered metabolites in response to aromas intervention. These metabolic changes included the increased carbohydrates and lowered levels of neurotransmitters (tryptophan, serine, glycine, aspartate, tyrosine, cysteine, phenylalanine, hypotaurine, histidine, and asparagine), amino acids, and fatty acids in the brain. Elevated aspartate, carbohydrates (sucrose, maltose, fructose, and glucose), nucleosides and organic acids such as lactate and pyruvate were also observed in the urine. The EPM induced metabolic differences observed in urine or brain tissue was significantly reduced after 10 days of aroma inhalation, as noted with the loss of statistical significance on many of the metabolites in the aroma-EPM group. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that the metabonomics approach can capture the subtle metabolic changes resulting from exposure to essential oils and provide the basis for pinpointing affected pathways in anxiety-related behavior, which will lead to an improved mechanistic understanding of anxiolytic effect of essential oils.

References

[1]  Stein MB (2004) Public health perspectives on generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 65 Suppl 133–7.
[2]  Setzer WN (2009) Essential Oils and Anxiolytic Aromatherapy. Nat Prod Commun 4: 1305–1316.
[3]  Tsang HW, Ho TY (2010) A systematic review on the anxiolytic effects of aromatherapy on rodents under experimentally induced anxiety models. Rev Neurosci 21: 141–152.
[4]  Lee MS, Choi J, Posadzki P, Ernst E (2012) Aromatherapy for health care: an overview of systematic reviews. Maturitas 71: 257–260.
[5]  Lehrner J, Marwinski G, Lehr S, Johren P, Deecke L (2005) Ambient odors of orange and lavender reduce anxiety and improve mood in a dental office. Physiol Behav 86: 92–95.
[6]  Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Jager W, Plank C, Dietrich H (1993) Fragrance compounds and essential oils with sedative effects upon inhalation. J Pharmaceut Sci 82: 660–664.
[7]  Komiya M, Takeuchi T, Harada E (2006) Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice. Behav Brain Res 172: 240–249.
[8]  Umezu T (2010) Evidence for dopamine involvement in ambulation promoted by pulegone in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 94: 497–502.
[9]  van der Watt G, Janca A (2008) Aromatherapy in nursing and mental health care. Contemp Nurse 30: 69–75.
[10]  Edris AE (2007) Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: A review. Phytother Res 21: 308–323.
[11]  Wildwood C (1996) The Encyclopedia of Aromatherapy. Healing Arts Press. 1–320.
[12]  Davis P (2005) Aromatherapy: An A-Z: The Most Comprehensive Guide to Aromatherapy Ever Published. Revised ed: Random House UK. 1–336.
[13]  Pellow S, Chopin P, File SE, Briley M (1985) Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14: 149–167.
[14]  Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, et al. (2012) Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res 11: 1354–1363.
[15]  Pan L, Qiu YP, Chen TL, Lin JC, Chi Y, et al. (2010) An optimized procedure for metabonomic analysis of rat liver tissue using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal 52: 589–596.
[16]  Jonsson P, Gullberg J, Nordstrom A, Kusano M, Kowalczyk M, et al. (2004) A strategy for identifying differences in large series of metabolomic samples analyzed by GC/MS. Anal Chem 76: 1738–1745.
[17]  Jonsson P, Johansson AI, Gullberg J, Trygg J, A J, et al. (2005) High-throughput data analysis for detecting and identifying differences between samples in GC/MS-based metabolomic analyses. Anal Chem 77: 5635–5642.
[18]  Pike N (2011) Using false discovery rates for multiple comparisons in ecology and evolution. Methods Ecol Evol 2: 278–282.
[19]  National Cancer Institute USNIoH (2010) Aromatherapy and essential oils (PDQs).
[20]  Lis-Balchin M (1997) Essential oils and ‘aromatherapy’: their modern role in healing. J R Soc Health 117: 324–329.
[21]  Tye KM, Prakash R, Kim S-Y, Fenno LE, Grosenick L, et al. (2011) Amygdala circuitry mediating reversible and bidirectional control of anxiety. Nature 471: 358–362.
[22]  Quide Y, Witteveen AB, El-Hage W, Veltman DJ, Olff M (2012) Differences between effects of psychological versus pharmacological treatments on functional and morphological brain alterations in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav R 36: 626–644.
[23]  Chepulis LM, Starkey NJ, Waas JR, Molan PC (2009) The effects of long-term honey, sucrose or sugar-free diets on memory and anxiety in rats. Physiol Behav 97: 359–368.
[24]  Oroszi G, Enoch MA, Chun J, Virkkunen M, Goldman D (2005) Thr105Ile, a functional polymorphism of histamine N-methyltransferase, is associated with alcoholism in two independent populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29: 303–309.
[25]  Lapin IP (1993) Anxiogenic effect of phenylethylamine and amphethamine in the elevated plus-maze in mice and its attenuation by ethanol. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 44: 241–243.
[26]  Smirnova AV (1957) [Role of carbohydrate metabolism factors in absorption, distribution, and excretion of medicinal substances]. Farmakol Toksikol 20: 62–65.
[27]  Elmhurst College website. Available: http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/6?22overview.html. Accessed 2012 Aug 20.
[28]  de Almeida RN, Motta SC, de Brito Faturi C, Catallani B, Leite JR (2004) Anxiolytic-like effects of rose oil inhalation on the elevated plus-maze test in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77: 361–364.
[29]  Bradley BF, Starkey NJ, Brown SL, Lea RW (2007) The effects of prolonged rose odor inhalation in two animal models of anxiety. Physiol Behav 92: 931–938.
[30]  Gormanns P, Mueller NS, Ditzen C, Wolf S, Holsboer F, et al. (2011) Phenome-transcriptome correlation unravels anxiety and depression related pathways. J Psychiatric Res 45: 973–979.
[31]  Benjamin J, Levine J, Fux M, Aviv A, Levy D, et al. (1995) Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of inositol treatment for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152: 1084–1086.
[32]  Einat H, Belmaker RH (2001) The effects of inositol treatment in animal models of psychiatric disorders. J Affect Disord 62: 113–121.
[33]  Bouayed J, Rammal H, Soulimani R (2009) Oxidative stress and anxiety: relationship and cellular pathways. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2: 63–67.
[34]  Ng F, Berk M, Dean O, Bush AI (2008) Oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders: evidence base and therapeutic implications. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 11: 851–876.
[35]  Kuloglu M, Atmaca M, Tezcan E, Ustundag B, Bulut S (2002) Antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde levels in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychobiology 46: 186–189.
[36]  Ersan S, Bakir S, Erdal Ersan E, Dogan O (2006) Examination of free radical metabolism and antioxidant defence system elements in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 30: 1039–1042.
[37]  Thurston JH, Hauhart RE (1989) Effect of momentary stress on brain energy metabolism in weanling mice: apparent use of lactate as cerebral metabolic fuel concomitant with a decrease in brain glucose utilization. Metab Brain Dis 4: 177–186.
[38]  Lowry OH, Passonneau JV, Hasselberger FX, Schulz DW (1964) Effect of Ischemia on Known Substrates and Cofactors of the Glycolytic Pathway in Brain. J Biol Chem 239: 18–30.
[39]  Haug TT, Mykletun A, Dahl AA (2002) Are anxiety and depression related to gastrointestinal symptoms in the general population? Scand J Gastroenterol 37: 294–298.
[40]  Tannock GW (2005) New perceptions of the gut microbiota: implications for future research. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 34: 361–382.
[41]  Yap IK, Li JV, Saric J, Martin FP, Davies H, et al. (2008) Metabonomic and microbiological analysis of the dynamic effect of vancomycin-induced gut microbiota modification in the mouse. J Proteome Res 7: 3718–3728.
[42]  Zheng X, Xie G, Zhao A, Zhao L, Yao C, et al. (2011) The footprints of gut microbial-mammalian co-metabolism. J Proteome Res 10: 5512–5522.
[43]  Beyoglu D, Smith RL, Idle JR (2012) Dog bites man or man bites dog? The enigma of the amino acid conjugations. Biochem Pharmacol 83: 1331–1339.
[44]  Beliveau GP, Brusilow SW (1987) Glycine availability limits maximum hippurate synthesis in growing rats. J Nutr 117: 36–41.
[45]  Kasper S, Gastpar M, Muller WE, Volz HP, Moller HJ, et al. (2010) Silexan, an orally administered Lavandula oil preparation, is effective in the treatment of ‘subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 25: 277–287.
[46]  Bagetta G, Morrone LA, Rombola L, Amantea D, Russo R, et al. (2010) Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot. Fitoterapia 81: 453–461.
[47]  Bradley BF, Starkey NJ, Brown SL, Lea RW (2007) Anxiolytic effects of Lavandula angustifolia odour on the Mongolian gerbil elevated plus maze. J Ethnopharmacol 111: 517–525.
[48]  Nutt DJ (2001) Neurobiological mechanisms in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 62 Suppl 1122–27.
[49]  Aoshima H, Hamamoto K (1999) Potentiation of GABA(A) receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes by perfume and phytoncid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 63: 743–748.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133