全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Cambial Growth Season of Brevi-Deciduous Brachystegia spiciformis Trees from South Central Africa Restricted to Less than Four Months

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047364

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

We investigate cambial growth periodicity in Brachystegia spiciformis, a dominant tree species in the seasonally dry miombo woodland of southern Africa. To better understand how the brevi-deciduous (experiencing a short, drought-induced leaf fall period) leaf phenology of this species can be linked to a distinct period of cambial activity, we applied a bi-weekly pinning to six trees in western Zambia over the course of one year. Our results show that the onset and end of cambial growth was synchronous between trees, but was not concurrent with the onset and end of the rainy season. The relatively short (three to four months maximum) cambial growth season corresponded to the core of the rainy season, when 75% of the annual precipitation fell, and to the period when the trees were at full photosynthetic capacity. Tree-ring studies of this species have found a significant relationship between annual tree growth and precipitation, but we did not observe such a correlation at intra-annual resolution in this study. Furthermore, a substantial rainfall event occurring after the end of the cambial growth season did not induce xylem initiation or false ring formation. Low sample replication should be taken into account when interpreting the results of this study, but our findings can be used to refine the carbon allocation component of process-based terrestrial ecosystem models and can thus contribute to a more detailed estimation of the role of the miombo woodland in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Furthermore, we provide a physiological foundation for the use of Brachystegia spiciformis tree-ring records in paleoclimate research.

References

[1]  Iqbal M (1994) Structural and operational specializations of the vascular cambium of seed plants. In: M I, editor. Growth patterns in vascular plants. Portland, Oregon, USA: Dioscorides Press. 211–271.
[2]  Rutishauser T, Luterbacher J, Jeanneret F, Pfister C, Wanner H (2007) A phenology-based reconstruction of interannual changes in past spring seasons. J Geophys Res 112: G04016 04010.01029/02006jg000382.
[3]  Linderholm HW (2006) Growing season changes in the last century. Agric For Meteorol 137: 1–14.
[4]  Cleland EE, Chuine I, Menzel A, Mooney HA, Schwartz MD (2007) Shifting plant phenology in response to global change. Trends Ecol Evol 22: 357–365.
[5]  Oladi R, Pourtahmasi K, Eckstein D, Braeuning A (2011) Seasonal dynamics of wood formation in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) along an altitudinal gradient in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran. Trees 25: 425–433.
[6]  Deslauriers A, Morin H, Begin Y (2003) Cellular phenology of annual ring formation of Abies balsamea in the Quebec boreal forest (Canada). Can J For Res 33: 190–200.
[7]  Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Anfodillo T, Carraro V (2007) Evidence of threshold temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers at high altitudes. Oecologia 152: 1–12.
[8]  Swidrak I, Gruber A, Kofler W, Oberhuber W (2011) Effects of environmental conditions on onset of xylem growth in Pinus sylvestris under drought. Tree Physiol 31: 483–493.
[9]  Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Gricar J, Seo JW, Rathgeber CBK, et al. (2008) Critical temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers of cold climates. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 17: 696–707.
[10]  Moser L, Fonti P, Buntgen U, Esper J, Luterbacher J, et al. (2010) Timing and duration of European larch growing season along altitudinal gradients in the Swiss Alps. Tree Physiol 30: 225–233.
[11]  Menzel A, Sparks TH, Estrella N, Koch E, Aasa A, et al. (2006) European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Glob Change Biol 12: 1969–1976.
[12]  Fritts HC (1976) Tree rings and climate. London: Academic Press.
[13]  Jacoby GC (1989) Overview of tree-ring analysis in tropical regions. IAWA Bull 10: 99–108.
[14]  Rozendaal DMA, Zuidema PA (2011) Dendroecology in the tropics: a review. Trees 25: 3–16.
[15]  Schongart J, Junk WJ, Piedade MTF, Ayres JM, Huttermann A, et al. (2004) Teleconnection between tree growth in the Amazonian floodplains and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation effect. Glob Change Biol 10: 683–692.
[16]  Therrell MD, Stahle DW, Ries LP, Shugart HH (2006) Tree-ring reconstructed rainfall variability in Zimbabwe. Clim Dyn 26: 677–685.
[17]  D'Arrigo R, Wilson R, Palmer J, Krusic P, Curtis A, et al.. (2006) Monsoon drought over Java, Indonesia, during the past two centuries. Geophys Res Lett 33.
[18]  Borchert R (1999) Climatic periodicity, phenology, and cambium activity in tropical dry forest trees. IAWA J 20: 239–247.
[19]  Murphy PG, Lugo AE (1986) Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17: 67–88.
[20]  Singh KP, Kushwaha CP (2005) Emerging paradigms of tree phenology in dry tropics. Curr Sci 89: 964–975.
[21]  Bullock SH, Solismagallanes JA (1990) Phenology of canopy trees of a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 22: 22–35.
[22]  Williams RJ, Myers BA, Muller WJ, Duff GA, Eamus D (1997) Leaf phenology of woody species in a North Australian tropical savanna. Ecology 78: 2542–2558.
[23]  Borchert R (1994) Water status and development of tropical trees during seasonal drought. Trees 8: 115–125.
[24]  Vanschaik CP, Terborgh JW, Wright SJ (1993) The phenology of tropical forests – adaptive significance and consequences for primary consumers. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24: 353–377.
[25]  Cardoso FCG, Marques R, Botosso PC, Marques MCM (2012) Stem growth and phenology of two tropical trees in contrasting soil conditions. Plant Soil 354: 269–281.
[26]  Volland-Voigt F, Brauning A, Ganzhi O, Peters T, Maza H (2011) Radial stem variations of Tabebuia chrysantha (Bignoniaceae) in different tropical forest ecosystems of southern Ecuador. Trees 25: 39–48.
[27]  Krepkowski J, Brauning A, Gebrekirstos A, Strobl S (2011) Cambial growth dynamics and climatic control of different tree life forms in tropical mountain forest in Ethiopia. Trees 25: 59–70.
[28]  Baker TR, Affum-Baffoe K, Burslem D, Swaine MD (2002) Phenological differences in tree water use and the timing of tropical forest inventories: conclusions from patterns of dry season diameter change. For Ecol Manag 171: 261–274.
[29]  Stahl C, Burban B, Bompy F, Jolin ZB, Sermage J, et al. (2010) Seasonal variation in atmospheric relative humidity contributes to explaining seasonal variation in trunk circumference of tropical rain-forest trees in French Guiana. J Trop Ecol 26: 393–405.
[30]  Zweifel R, Item H, Hasler R (2000) Stem radius changes and their relation to stored water in stems of young Norway spruce trees. Trees 15: 50–57.
[31]  Makinen H, Seo JW, Nojd P, Schmitt U, Jalkanen R (2008) Seasonal dynamics of wood formation: a comparison between pinning, microcoring and dendrometer measurements. Eur J For Res 127: 235–245.
[32]  Campbell B (1996) The Miombo in transition: woodlands and welfare in Africa. Bogor: Centre for International Forestry Research.
[33]  Malaisse FP, Freson R, Goffinet G, Malaisse-Mousset M (1975) Litter fall and litter breakage in miombo. In: Golley FB, Medina E, editors. Tropical ecological systems: trends in terrestrial and aquatic research. New York: Springer-Verlag. 137–152.
[34]  Trouet V, Coppin P, Beeckman H (2006) Annual growth ring patterns in Brachystegia spiciformis reveal influence of precipitation on tree growth. Biotropica 38: 375–382.
[35]  Trouet V, Esper J, Beeckman H (2010) Climate/growth relationships of Brachystegia spiciformis from the Miombo woodland in southern Africa. Dendrochronologia DOI: 10.1016/j.dendro.2009.10.002.
[36]  Trouet V, Haneca K, Coppin P, Beeckman H (2001) Tree ring analysis of Brachystegia spiciformis and Isoberlinia tomentosa: Evaluation of the enso-signal in the miombo woodland of eastern Africa. IAWA J 22: 385–399.
[37]  Schmitt U, Moller R, Eckstein D (2000) Seasonal wood formation dynamics of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as determined by the “pinning” technique. J Appl Bot 74: 10–16.
[38]  Prislan P, Schmitt U, Koch G, Gricar J, Cufar K (2011) Seasonal ultrastructural chagnes in the cambial zone of beech (Fagus sylvatica) grown at two different altitudes. IAWA J 32: 443–459.
[39]  Scholes RJ, Dowty PR, Caylor K, Parsons DAB, Frost PGH, et al. (2002) Trends in savanna structure and composition along an aridity gradient in the Kalahari. J Veg Sci 13: 419–428.
[40]  Frost P (2000) Vegetation Structure of the MODIS validation site, Kataba Forest Reserve, Mongu, Zambia. Report prepared for the NASA Southern African Validation of EOS (SAVE) project, IGBP Kalahari Transect programme, and SAFARI 2000.
[41]  Chidumayo EN (1993) Responses of miombo to harvesting: ecology and management. Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute.
[42]  Malaisse FP (1974) Phenology of the Zambezian woodland area with emphasis on the miombo ecosystem. In: Lieth H, editor. Phenology and seasonality modeling. New York: Springer-Verlag. 269–286.
[43]  Boaler SB (1966) Ecology of a miombo site Lupa North Forest Reserve Tanzania. 2. Plant communities and seasonal variation in vegetation. J Ecol 54: 465–&.
[44]  Seo J-W, Eckstein D, Schmitt U (2007) The pinning method: From pinning to data preparation. Dendrochronologia 25: 79–86.
[45]  Wolter KE (1968) A new method for marking xylem growth. For Sci 14: 102–&.
[46]  Otter LB, Scholes RJ, Dowty P, Privette J, Caylor K, et al. (2002) The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000): wet season campaigns. S Afr J Sci 98: 131–137.
[47]  Swap RJ, Annegarn HJ, Suttles JT, Haywood J, Helmlinger MC, et al. (2002) The Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000): overview of the dry season field campaign. S Afr J Sci 98: 125–130.
[48]  Myneni RB, Hoffman S, Knyazikhin Y, Privette JL, Glassy J, et al. (2002) Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data. Remote Sens Environ 83: 214–231.
[49]  Huemmrich KF, Privette JL, Mukelabai M, Myneni RB, Knyazikhin Y (2005) Time-series validation of MODIS land biophysical products in a Kalahari woodland, Africa. Int J Remote Sens 26: 4381–4398.
[50]  Welles JM, Norman JM (1991) Instrument for indirect measurement of canopy architecture Agron J. 83: 818–825.
[51]  Privette JL, Myneni RB, Knyazikhin Y, Mukelabai M, Roberts G, et al. (2002) Early spatial and temporal validation of MODIS LAI product in the Southern Africa Kalahari. Remote Sens Environ 83: 232–243.
[52]  Schoonenberg T, Pinard M, Woodward S (2003) Responses to mechanical wounding and fire in tree species characteristic of seasonally dry tropical forest of Bolivia. Can J For Res 33: 330–338.
[53]  Pearce RB (1996) Antimicrobial defences in the wood of living trees. New Phytol 132: 203–233.
[54]  Rathgeber CBK, Rossi S, Bontemps JD (2011) Cambial activity related to tree size in a mature silver-fir plantation. Ann Bot (Lond) 108: 429–438.
[55]  Gruber A, Strobl S, Veit B, Oberhuber W (2010) Impact of drought on the temporal dynamics of wood formation in Pinus sylvestris. Tree Physiol 30: 490–501.
[56]  Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Anfodillo T (2006) Assessment of cambial activity and xylogenesis by microsampling tree species: An example at the alpine timberline. IAWA J 27: 383–394.
[57]  Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Anfodillo T, Saracino A (2008) Cambial phenology, wood formation and temperature thresholds in two contrasting years at high altitude in southern Italy. Tree Physiol 28: 863–871.
[58]  Rossi S, Morin H, Deslauriers A (2011) Multi-scale Influence of Snowmelt on Xylogenesis of Black Spruce. Arct Antarct Alp Res 43: 457–464.
[59]  Rossi S, Morin H, Deslauriers A, Plourde P-Y (2011) Predicting xylem phenology in black spruce under climate warming. Glob Change Biol 17: 614–625.
[60]  Die A, Kitin P, N'Guessan Kouamé F, Van den Bulcke J, Van Acker J, et al.. (2012) Fluctuations of cambial activity in relation to precipitation result in annual rings and intra-annual growth zones of xylem and phloem in teak (Tectona grandis) in Ivory Coast. Ann Bot (Lond): 10.1093/aob/mcs1145.
[61]  Worbes M (1999) Annual growth rings, rainfall-dependent growth and long-term growth patterns of tropical trees from the Caparo Forest Reserve in Venezuela. J Ecol 87: 391–403.
[62]  Wan SQ, Hui DF, Luo YQ (2001) Fire effects on nitrogen pools and dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems: A meta-analysis. Ecol Appl 11: 1349–1365.
[63]  Goward SN, Prince SD (1995) Transient effects of climate on vegetation dynamics: Satellite observations. J Biogeogr 22: 549–564.
[64]  Ernst WHO (1988) Seed and seedling ecology of Brachystegia spiciformis, a predominant tree component in miombo woodlands in South Central Africa. For Ecol Manag 25: 195–210.
[65]  Choinski JS, Johnson JM (1993) Changes in photosynthesis and water status of developing leaves of Brachystegia-spiciformis Benth. Tree Physiol 13: 17–27.
[66]  Reich PB, Borchert R (1984) Water-stress and tree phenology in a tropical dry forest in the lowlands of Costa-Rica. J Ecol 72: 61–74.
[67]  Marcati CR, Milanez CRD, Machado SR (2008) Seasonal development of secondary xylem and phloem in Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Leguminosae : Caesalpinioideae). Trees 22: 3–12.
[68]  Hayden B, Greene DF, Quesada M (2010) A field experiment to determine the effect of dry-season precipitation on annual ring formation and leaf phenology in a seasonally dry tropical forest. J Trop Ecol 26: 237–242.
[69]  Tarhule A, Hughes MK (2002) Tree-ring research in semi-arid West Africa: need and potential. Tree-Ring Res 58: 31–46.
[70]  Trapnell CG (1959) Ecological results of woodland burning experiments in northern Rhodesia. J Ecol 47: 129–&.
[71]  Lawton RM (1978) Study of dynamic ecology of Zambian vegetation. J Ecol 66: 175–&.
[72]  Grundy IM (1995) Wood biomass estimation in dry miombo woodland in Zimbabwe. For Ecol Manag 72: 109–117.
[73]  Franklin O, Johansson J, Dewar RC, Dieckmann U, McMurtrie RE, et al. (2012) Modeling carbon allocation in trees: a search for principles. Tree Physiol 32: 648–666.
[74]  Epron D, Nouvellon Y, Ryan MG (2012) Introduction to the invited issue on carbon allocation of trees and forests. Tree Physiol 32: 639–643.
[75]  Arora VK, Boer GJ (2005) A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models. Glob Change Biol 11: 39–59.
[76]  Scheiter S, Higgins SI (2009) Impacts of climate change on the vegetation of Africa: an adaptive dynamic vegetation modelling approach. Glob Change Biol 15: 2224–2246.
[77]  Luo Y (2007) Terrestrial carbon-cycle feedback to climate warming. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 683–712.
[78]  Sala A, Woodruff DR, Meinzer FC (2012) Carbon dynamics in trees: feast or famine? Tree Physiol 32: 764–775.
[79]  Litton CM, Raich JW, Ryan MG (2007) Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems. Glob Change Biol 13: 2089–2109.
[80]  Friedlingstein P, Joel G, Field CB, Fung IY (1999) Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models. Glob Change Biol 5: 755–770.
[81]  Landsberg J (2003) Modelling forest ecosystems: state of the art, challenges, and future directions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere 33: 385–397.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133