全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2012 

Comparative Study of the Labial Gland Secretion in Termites (Isoptera)

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046431

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Labial glands are present in all castes and developmental stages of all termite species. In workers, their secretion contains a food-marking pheromone and digestive enzymes, while soldier secretion plays a defensive role. However, these functions were studied only in a limited set of species, and do not allow drawing general conclusions. Hence, we have investigated the chemical composition of the labial gland extracts from soldiers and workers in 15 termite species belonging to 6 families using an integrative approach based on proteomic and small-molecule profiling. We confirmed the presence of hydroquinone and cellulase in the labial glands of workers, and we identified new toxic compounds in soldiers and workers of several species. Our results highlight the dual role of labial gland secretion, i.e. the defensive role in soldiers and workers of several termite species, and the digestive function in workers.

References

[1]  Billen J (2002) The source of semiochemicals in social insects. The Golden Jubilee Proceedings, XIV International Congress of IUSSI.
[2]  Billen J (2009) Occurrence and structural organization of the exocrine glands in the legs of ants. Arthropod Struct Dev 38: 2–15.
[3]  Gon?alves TT, de Souza O, Billen J (2010) A novel exocrine structure of the bicellular unit type in the thorax of termites. Acta Zool 91: 193–198.
[4]  Noirot C (1969) Glands and secretions. In: Krishna K, Weesner FM, editors. Biology of termites (Vol. 1). Academic Press, New York and London, pp. 89–123.
[5]  ?obotník J, Weyda F (2003) Ultrastructural ontogeny of the labial gland apparatus in Prorhinotermes simplex (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Arthropod Struct Dev 31: 255–270.
[6]  Reinhard J, Hertel H, Kaib M (1997) Feeding stimulating signal in labial gland secretion of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis. J Chem Ecol 23: 2371–2381.
[7]  Reinhard J, Lacey MJ, Ibarra F, Schroeder FC, Kaib M, et al. (2002) Hydroquinone: a general phagostimulating pheromone in termites. J Chem Ecol 28: 1–14.
[8]  Tokuda G, Saitoh H, Watanabe H (2002) A digestive a-glucosidase from the salivary glands of the termite, Neotermes koshunensis (Shiraki): distribution, characterization and isolation of its precursor cDNA by 50- and 30-RACE amplifications with degenerate primers. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 32: 1681–1689.
[9]  Tokuda G, Lo N, Watanabe H, Arakawa G, Matsumoto T, et al. (2004) Major alteration of the expression site of endogenous cellulases in members of an apical termite lineage. Mol Ecol 13: 3219–3228.
[10]  Fujita A, Miura T, Matsumoto T (2008) Differences in cellulose digestive systems among castes in two termite lineages. Physiol Entomol 33: 73–82.
[11]  Grassé PP (1982) Termitologia, Tome I. Masson, Paris, 676 pp.
[12]  Moore BP (1968) Studies on the chemical composition and function of the cephalic gland secretion in Australian termites. J Insect Physiol 14: 33–39.
[13]  Maschwitz U, Jander R, Burkhardt D (1972) Wehrsubstanzen und Wehrveralten der Termite Macrotermes carbonarius. J Insect Physiol 18: 1715–1720.
[14]  Maschwitz U, Tho YP (1974) Chinone als wehrsubstanzen bei einigen orientalische macrotermitinen. Insectes Soc 21: 231–234.
[15]  Howse PE (1975) Chemical defences of ants, termites and other insects: some outstanding questions. Pheromones and defensive secretions in social insects, Symposium of the international union for the study of social insects, Dijon, pp. 23–29.
[16]  Wood WF, Truckendrodt W, Meinwald J (1975) Chemistry of the defensive secretion from the African termite Odontotermes badius. Ann Entomol Soc Am 65: 359–360.
[17]  Olagbemiro TO, Lajide L, Sani KM, Staddon BW (1988) 2-Hydroxy-5-methyl-l,4-benzoquinone from the salivary gland of the soldier termites Odontotermes magdalenae. Experientia 44: 1022–1024.
[18]  Evans DA, Baker R, Briner PH, McDowell PG (1977) Defensive secretions of some African termites. In: de Wilde J, editor. Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of the International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 46–47.
[19]  Evans DA, Baker R, Howse PE (1979) The chemical ecology of termite defence behaviour. In: Ritter FJ, editor. Chemical Ecology: Odour Communication in Animals: Scientific Aspects, Practical Uses and Economic Prospects. Proceedings of the Advanced Research Institute on Chemical Ecology: Odour Communication in Animals. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, pp. 213–224.
[20]  Plasman V, Daloze D, Braekman JC, Connétable S, Robert A, et al. (1999) New macrolactones from the defensive salivary secretion of soldiers of the African termite Pseudacanthotermes spiniger. Tetrahedron Lett 40: 9229–9232.
[21]  ?obotník J, Jiro?ová A, Hanus R (2010) Chemical warfare in termites. J Insect Physiol 56: 1012–1021.
[22]  Sands WA (1982) Agonistic behavior of African soldierless Apicotermitinae (Isoptera: Termitidae). Sociobiology 7: 61–72.
[23]  Quennedey A (1984) Morphology and ultrastructure of termite defense glands. In: Hermann HR, editor. Defensive Mechanisms in Social Insects. Praeger, New York, pp. 151–200.
[24]  Billen J, Joye L, Leuthold RH (1989) Fine structure of the labial gland in Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae). Acta Zool 70: 37–45.
[25]  Kaib M, Ziesmann J (1992) The labial gland in the termite Schedorhinotermes lamanianus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Morphology and function during communal food exploitation. Insectes Soc 39: 373–384.
[26]  Czolij RT, Slaytor M (1988) Morphology of the salivary glands of Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera: Mastotermitidae). Int J Insect Morphol Embryol 17: 207–220.
[27]  Costa-Leonardo AM, da Cruz-Landim C (1991) Morphology of the salivary gland acini in Grigiotermes bequaerti (Isoptera: Termitidae: Apicotermitinae). Entomol Gen 16: 13–21.
[28]  Costa-Leonardo AM (1997) Secretion of salivary glands of the Brazilian termite Serritermes serrifer Hagen and Bates (Isoptera: Serritermitidae). Ann Soc Entomol Fr 33: 29–37.
[29]  ?obotník J, Bourguignon T, Hanus R, Weyda F, Roisin Y (2010) Structure and function of defensive glands in soldiers of Glossotermes oculatus (Isoptera: Serritermitidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 99: 839–848.
[30]  Hanus R, Luxová A, ?obotník J, Kalinová B, Jiro? P, et al. (2009) Sexual communication in the termite Prorhinotermes simplex (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) mediated by a pheromone from female tergal glands. Insectes Soc 56: 111–118.
[31]  Watanabe H, Noda H, Tokuda G, Lo N (1998) A cellulase gene of termite origin. Nature 394: 330–331.
[32]  Tokuda G, Lo N, Watanabe H, Slaytor M, Matsumoto T, et al. (1999) Metazoan cellulase genes from termites: intron/exon structures and sites of expression. Biochim Biophys Acta 1447: 146–159.
[33]  Nakashima K, Watanabe H, Saitoh H, Tokuda G, Azuma J-I (2002) Dual cellulose-digesting system of the wood-feeding termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 32: 777–784.
[34]  Blum MS (1981) Chemical defenses of Arthropods. New York, Academic Press, 562 p.
[35]  Wu X, Buden DW, Attygalle AB (2007) Hydroquinones from defensive secretion of a giant Pacific millipede, Acladocricus setigerus (Diplopoda: Spirobolida). Chemoecology 17: 131–138.
[36]  McGregor D (2007) Hydroquinone: An Evaluation of the Human Risks from its Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Properties. Crit Rev Toxicol 37: 887–914.
[37]  Thavarajah P, Low NH (2006) Adulteration of Apple with Pear Juice: Emphasis on Major Carbohydrates, Proline, and Arbutin. J Agric Food Chem 54: 4861–4867.
[38]  Weidenhamer JD, Romeo JT (2004) Allelochemical of Polygonella myriophylla: Chemistry and soil degradation. J Chem Ecol 30: 1067–1082.
[39]  Snyder R, Hedli CC (1996) An overview of benzene metabolism. Environ Health Perspect 104: 1165–1171.
[40]  Eisner T, Eisner M, Siegler M (2005) Secret Weapons. Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions, and Other Many-Legged Creatures. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, USA, 372 pp.
[41]  Deml R, Huth A (2000) Benzoquinones and Hydroquinones in Defensive Secretions of Tropical Millipedes. Naturwissenschaften 87: 80–82.
[42]  Dettner K, Schwinger G (1980) Defensive substances from pygidial glands of water beetles. Biochem Syst Ecol 8: 89–95.
[43]  Co JE, Tappey HJ, Hefetz A, Tinaut A, Snelling RR (2003) The comparative exocrine chemistry of nine Old World species of Messor (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Biochem Syst Ecol 31: 367–373.
[44]  Oliveira AP, Franca HS, Kuster RM, Teixera LA, Rocha LM (2010) Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis essential oil. J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis 16: 121–130.
[45]  Teoh YP, Mashitah MD (2012) Screening of antifungal activities from genera Trametes against growth of selected wood-degrading fungi from Malaysia. Aust J Bas App Sci 6: 79–85.
[46]  Reinhard J, Kaib M (2001) Thin-layer chromatography assessing feeding stimulation by labial gland secretion compared to synthetic chemicals in the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis. J Chem Ecol 27: 175–187.
[47]  Reinhard J, Kaib M (2001) Food exploitation in termites: indication for a general feeding-stimulating signal in labial gland secretion of Isoptera. J Chem Ecol 27: 189–201.
[48]  Casarin FE, Arab A, Costa-Leonardo AM (2003) Influence of the labial gland's semiochemicals on the feeding behavior of Coptotermes havilandi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 42: 485–493.
[49]  Huang QY, Mao WG, Xia WS, Lei CL (2007) Phagostimulating activity of extracts of labial glands in Odontotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Termitidae). Sociobiology 50: 973–981.
[50]  Thorne BL (1982) Termite-termite interactions: workers as an agonistic caste. Psyche 89: 133–150.
[51]  Ishikawa Y, Miura T (2012) Hidden aggression in termite workers: plastic defensive behaviour dependent upon social context. Anim Behav 83: 737–745.
[52]  Costa-Leonardo AM (2004) A new interpretation of the defense glands of neotropical Ruptitermes (Isoptera, Termitidae, Apicotermitinae). Sociobiology 44: 391–402.
[53]  ?obotník J, Bourguignon T, Hanus R, Demianová Z, Pytelková J, et al. (2012) Explosive backpack in old termite workers. Science 337, 436.
[54]  Raina AK, Bland JM, Osbrink W (2005) Hydroquinone is not a phagostimulant for the formosan subterranean termite. J Chem Ecol 31: 509–517.
[55]  Engel MS, Grimaldi DA, Krishna K (2009) Termites (Isoptera): Their Phylogeny, Classification, and Rise to Ecological Dominance. American Museum Novitates 3650: 1–27.
[56]  Prestwich GD, Bierl BA, Devilbiss ED, Chaudhury MFB (1977) Soldier frontal glands of the termite Macrotermes subhyalinus: morphology, chemical composition, and use in defense. J Chem Ecol 3: 579–590.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133