| [1] | Luger K, Mader AW, Richmond RK, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (1997) Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution. Nature 389: 251–260.
|
| [2] | Ramakrishnan V (1997) Histone structure and the organization of the nucleosome. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 26: 83–112.
|
| [3] | Thoma F, Koller T, Klug A (1979) Involvement of histone H1 in the organization of the nucleosome and of the salt-dependent superstructures of chromatin. J Cell Biol 83: 403–427.
|
| [4] | Huynh VA, Robinson PJ, Rhodes D (2005) A method for the in vitro reconstitution of a defined “30 nm” chromatin fibre containing stoichiometric amounts of the linker histone. J Mol Biol 345: 957–968.
|
| [5] | Butler PJ, Thomas JO (1980) Changes in chromatin folding in solution. J Mol Biol 140: 505–529.
|
| [6] | Ausio J (2006) Histone variants–the structure behind the function. Brief Funct Genomic Proteomic 5: 228–243.
|
| [7] | Happel N, Doenecke D (2009) Histone H1 and its isoforms: contribution to chromatin structure and function. Gene 431: 1–12.
|
| [8] | Doenecke D, Albig W, Bode C, Drabent B, Franke K, et al. (1997) Histones: genetic diversity and tissue-specific gene expression. Histochem Cell Biol 107: 1–10.
|
| [9] | Panyim S, Chalkley R (1969) A new histone found only in mammalian tissues with little cell division. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 37: 1042–1049.
|
| [10] | Bucci LR, Brock WA, Meistrich ML (1982) Distribution and synthesis of histone 1 subfractions during spermatogenesis in the rat. Exp Cell Res 140: 111–118.
|
| [11] | Lennox RW, Cohen LH (1984) The alterations in H1 histone complement during mouse spermatogenesis and their significance for H1 subtype function. Dev Biol 103: 80–84.
|
| [12] | Tanaka M, Hennebold JD, Macfarlane J, Adashi EY (2001) A mammalian oocyte-specific linker histone gene H1oo: homology with the genes for the oocyte-specific cleavage stage histone (cs-H1) of sea urchin and the B4/H1M histone of the frog. Development 128: 655–664.
|
| [13] | Happel N, Schulze E, Doenecke D (2005) Characterisation of human histone H1x. Biol Chem 386: 541–551.
|
| [14] | Khochbin S (2001) Histone H1 diversity: bridging regulatory signals to linker histone function. Gene 271: 1–12.
|
| [15] | Lennox RW, Oshima RG, Cohen LH (1982) The H1 histones and their interphase phosphorylated states in differentiated and undifferentiated cell lines derived from murine teratocarcinomas. J Biol Chem 257: 5183–5189.
|
| [16] | Hall JM, Cole RD (1985) Modulation in proportions of H1 histone subfractions by differential changes in synthesis and turnover during butyrate treatment of neuroblastoma cells. Biochemistry 24: 7765–7771.
|
| [17] | Dominguez V, Pina B, Suau P (1992) Histone H1 subtype synthesis in neurons and neuroblasts. Development 115: 181–185.
|
| [18] | Th'ng JP, Sung R, Ye M, Hendzel MJ (2005) H1 family histones in the nucleus. Control of binding and localization by the C-terminal domain. J Biol Chem 280: 27809–27814.
|
| [19] | Talasz H, Sapojnikova N, Helliger W, Lindner H, Puschendorf B (1998) In vitro binding of H1 histone subtypes to nucleosomal organized mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat promotor. J Biol Chem 273: 32236–32243.
|
| [20] | Orrego M, Ponte I, Roque A, Buschati N, Mora X, et al. (2007) Differential affinity of mammalian histone H1 somatic subtypes for DNA and chromatin. BMC Biol 5: 22.
|
| [21] | Ponte I, Vidal-Taboada JM, Suau P (1998) Evolution of the vertebrate H1 histone class: evidence for the functional differentiation of the subtypes. Mol Biol Evol 15: 702–708.
|
| [22] | Liao LW, Cole RD (1981) Condensation of dinucleosomes by individual subfractions of H1 histone. J Biol Chem 256: 10124–10128.
|
| [23] | Khadake JR, Rao MR (1995) DNA- and chromatin-condensing properties of rat testes H1a and H1t compared to those of rat liver H1bdec; H1t is a poor condenser of chromatin. Biochemistry 34: 15792–15801.
|
| [24] | Zlatanova J, Doenecke D (1994) Histone H1 zero: a major player in cell differentiation? Faseb J 8: 1260–1268.
|
| [25] | Franke K, Drabent B, Doenecke D (1998) Expression of murine H1 histone genes during postnatal development. Biochim Biophys Acta 1398: 232–242.
|
| [26] | Lennox RW, Cohen LH (1983) The histone H1 complements of dividing and nondividing cells of the mouse. J Biol Chem 258: 262–268.
|
| [27] | Drabent B, Kardalinou E, Doenecke D (1991) Structure and expression of the human gene encoding testicular H1 histone (H1t). Gene 103: 263–268.
|
| [28] | Drabent B, Bode C, Bramlage B, Doenecke D (1996) Expression of the mouse testicular histone gene H1t during spermatogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 106: 247–251.
|
| [29] | Wisniewski JR, Zougman A, Kruger S, Mann M (2007) Mass spectrometric mapping of linker histone H1 variants reveals multiple acetylations, methylations, and phosphorylation as well as differences between cell culture and tissue. Mol Cell Proteomics 6: 72–87.
|
| [30] | Fan Y, Sirotkin A, Russell RG, Ayala J, Skoultchi AI (2001) Individual somatic H1 subtypes are dispensable for mouse development even in mice lacking the H1(0) replacement subtype. Mol Cell Biol 21: 7933–7943.
|
| [31] | Fan Y, Nikitina T, Morin-Kensicki EM, Zhao J, Magnuson TR, et al. (2003) H1 linker histones are essential for mouse development and affect nucleosome spacing in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 23: 4559–4572.
|
| [32] | Maresca TJ, Freedman BS, Heald R (2005) Histone H1 is essential for mitotic chromosome architecture and segregation in Xenopus laevis egg extracts. J Cell Biol 169: 859–869.
|
| [33] | Sancho M, Diani E, Beato M, Jordan A (2008) Depletion of human histone H1 variants uncovers specific roles in gene expression and cell growth. PLoS Genet 4: e1000227.
|
| [34] | Pennings S, Meersseman G, Bradbury EM (1994) Linker histones H1 and H5 prevent the mobility of positioned nucleosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91: 10275–10279.
|
| [35] | Ura K, Hayes JJ, Wolffe AP (1995) A positive role for nucleosome mobility in the transcriptional activity of chromatin templates: restriction by linker histones. Embo J 14: 3752–3765.
|
| [36] | Hill DA, Imbalzano AN (2000) Human SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeling activity is partially inhibited by linker histone H1. Biochemistry 39: 11649–11656.
|
| [37] | Saeki H, Ohsumi K, Aihara H, Ito T, Hirose S, et al. (2005) Linker histone variants control chromatin dynamics during early embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 5697–5702.
|
| [38] | Horn PJ, Carruthers LM, Logie C, Hill DA, Solomon MJ, et al. (2002) Phosphorylation of linker histones regulates ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. Nat Struct Biol 9: 263–267.
|
| [39] | Ramachandran A, Omar M, Cheslock P, Schnitzler GR (2003) Linker histone H1 modulates nucleosome remodeling by human SWI/SNF. J Biol Chem 278: 48590–48601.
|
| [40] | Varga-Weisz PD, Blank TA, Becker PB (1995) Energy-dependent chromatin accessibility and nucleosome mobility in a cell-free system. Embo J 14: 2209–2216.
|
| [41] | Maier VK, Chioda M, Rhodes D, Becker PB (2008) ACF catalyses chromatosome movements in chromatin fibres. Embo J 27: 817–826.
|
| [42] | Elgin SC, Hood LE (1973) Chromosomal proteins of Drosophila embryos. Biochemistry 12: 4984–4991.
|
| [43] | Becker PB, Wu C (1992) Cell-free system for assembly of transcriptionally repressed chromatin from Drosophila embryos. Mol Cell Biol 12: 2241–2249.
|
| [44] | Woodcock CL, Skoultchi AI, Fan Y (2006) Role of linker histone in chromatin structure and function: H1 stoichiometry and nucleosome repeat length. Chromosome Res 14: 17–25.
|
| [45] | Schwarz PM, Hansen JC (1994) Formation and stability of higher order chromatin structures. Contributions of the histone octamer. J Biol Chem 269: 16284–16289.
|
| [46] | Schwarz PM, Felthauser A, Fletcher TM, Hansen JC (1996) Reversible oligonucleosome self-association: dependence on divalent cations and core histone tail domains. Biochemistry 35: 4009–4015.
|
| [47] | Albig W, Runge DM, Kratzmeier M, Doenecke D (1998) Heterologous expression of human H1 histones in yeast. FEBS Lett 435: 245–250.
|
| [48] | Wang H, Bash R, Yodh JG, Hager GL, Lohr D, et al. (2002) Glutaraldehyde modified mica: a new surface for atomic force microscopy of chromatin. Biophys J 83: 3619–3625.
|
| [49] | Dubochet J, Adrian M, Schultz P, Oudet P (1986) Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified SV40 minichromosomes: the liquid drop model. Embo J 5: 519–528.
|
| [50] | Hamiche A, Schultz P, Ramakrishnan V, Oudet P, Prunell A (1996) Linker histone-dependent DNA structure in linear mononucleosomes. J Mol Biol 257: 30–42.
|
| [51] | Duggan MM, Thomas JO (2000) Two DNA-binding sites on the globular domain of histone H5 are required for binding to both bulk and 5 S reconstituted nucleosomes. J Mol Biol 304: 21–33.
|
| [52] | Zhou YB, Gerchman SE, Ramakrishnan V, Travers A, Muyldermans S (1998) Position and orientation of the globular domain of linker histone H5 on the nucleosome. Nature 395: 402–405.
|
| [53] | Smith CL, Horowitz-Scherer R, Flanagan JF, Woodcock CL, Peterson CL (2003) Structural analysis of the yeast SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Nat Struct Biol 10: 141–145.
|
| [54] | Hamiche A, Xiao H (2004) Methods for analysis of nucleosome sliding by Drosophila NURF. Methods Enzymol 377: 353–363.
|
| [55] | Takata H, Matsunaga S, Morimoto A, Ono-Maniwa R, Uchiyama S, et al. (2007) H1.X with different properties from other linker histones is required for mitotic progression. FEBS Lett 581: 3783–3788.
|
| [56] | Berkowitz EM, Riggs EA (1981) Characterization of rat liver oligonucleosomes enriched in transcriptionally active genes: evidence for altered base composition and a shortened nucleosome repeat. Biochemistry 20: 7284–7290.
|
| [57] | Thoma F, Zatchej M (1988) Chromatin folding modulates nucleosome positioning in yeast minichromosomes. Cell 55: 945–953.
|
| [58] | Woodcock CL, Grigoryev SA, Horowitz RA, Whitaker N (1993) A chromatin folding model that incorporates linker variability generates fibers resembling the native structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90: 9021–9025.
|
| [59] | Rodriguez-Campos A, Shimamura A, Worcel A (1989) Assembly and properties of chromatin containing histone H1. J Mol Biol 209: 135–150.
|
| [60] | Sandaltzopoulos R, Blank T, Becker PB (1994) Transcriptional repression by nucleosomes but not H1 in reconstituted preblastoderm Drosophila chromatin. Embo J 13: 373–379.
|
| [61] | Blank TA, Becker PB (1995) Electrostatic mechanism of nucleosome spacing. J Mol Biol 252: 305–313.
|
| [62] | Allan J, Mitchell T, Harborne N, Bohm L, Crane-Robinson C (1986) Roles of H1 domains in determining higher order chromatin structure and H1 location. J Mol Biol 187: 591–601.
|
| [63] | Carter GJ, van Holde K (1998) Self-association of linker histone H5 and of its globular domain: evidence for specific self-contacts. Biochemistry 37: 12477–12488.
|
| [64] | Maman JD, Yager TD, Allan J (1994) Self-association of the globular domain of histone H5. Biochemistry 33: 1300–1310.
|
| [65] | Thomas JO, Rees C, Finch JT (1992) Cooperative binding of the globular domains of histones H1 and H5 to DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 187–194.
|
| [66] | Draves PH, Lowary PT, Widom J (1992) Co-operative binding of the globular domain of histone H5 to DNA. J Mol Biol 225: 1105–1121.
|
| [67] | Goytisolo FA, Gerchman SE, Yu X, Rees C, Graziano V, et al. (1996) Identification of two DNA-binding sites on the globular domain of histone H5. Embo J 15: 3421–3429.
|
| [68] | Brown DT, Izard T, Misteli T (2006) Mapping the interaction surface of linker histone H1(0) with the nucleosome of native chromatin in vivo. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13: 250–255.
|
| [69] | Brown DT, Gunjan A, Alexander BT, Sittman DB (1997) Differential effect of H1 variant overproduction on gene expression is due to differences in the central globular domain. Nucleic Acids Res 25: 5003–5009.
|
| [70] | Allan J, Cowling GJ, Harborne N, Cattini P, Craigie R, et al. (1981) Regulation of the higher-order structure of chromatin by histones H1 and H5. J Cell Biol 90: 279–288.
|
| [71] | Schalch T, Duda S, Sargent DF, Richmond TJ (2005) X-ray structure of a tetranucleosome and its implications for the chromatin fibre. Nature 436: 138–141.
|
| [72] | Dorigo B, Schalch T, Kulangara A, Duda S, Schroeder RR, et al. (2004) Nucleosome arrays reveal the two-start organization of the chromatin fiber. Science 306: 1571–1573.
|
| [73] | Carruthers LM, Bednar J, Woodcock CL, Hansen JC (1998) Linker histones stabilize the intrinsic salt-dependent folding of nucleosomal arrays: mechanistic ramifications for higher-order chromatin folding. Biochemistry 37: 14776–14787.
|
| [74] | Robinson PJ, Fairall L, Huynh VA, Rhodes D (2006) EM measurements define the dimensions of the “30-nm” chromatin fiber: evidence for a compact, interdigitated structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103: 6506–6511.
|
| [75] | Routh A, Sandin S, Rhodes D (2008) Nucleosome repeat length and linker histone stoichiometry determine chromatin fiber structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105: 8872–8877.
|
| [76] | Leuba SH, Bustamante C, van Holde K, Zlatanova J (1998) Linker histone tails and N-tails of histone H3 are redundant: scanning force microscopy studies of reconstituted fibers. Biophys J 74: 2830–2839.
|
| [77] | Keller W, Muller U, Eicken I, Wendel I, Zentgraf H (1978) Biochemical and ultrastructural analysis of SV40 chromatin. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 42 Pt 1: 227–244.
|
| [78] | Varshavsky AJ, Bakayev VV, Nedospasov SA, Georgiev GP (1978) On the structure of eukaryotic, prokaryotic, and viral chromatin. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 42 Pt 1: 457–473.
|
| [79] | Cano S, Caravaca JM, Martin M, Daban JR (2006) Highly compact folding of chromatin induced by cellular cation concentrations. Evidence from atomic force microscopy studies in aqueous solution. Eur Biophys J 35: 495–501.
|
| [80] | Stoldt S, Wenzel D, Schulze E, Doenecke D, Happel N (2007) G1 phase-dependent nucleolar accumulation of human histone H1x. Biol Cell 99: 541–552.
|
| [81] | Loborg H, Rundquist I (2000) Affinity of linker histones for chromatin in situ analyzed using DAPI as a cytochemical probe. Cytometry 40: 1–9.
|
| [82] | Parseghian MH, Newcomb RL, Winokur ST, Hamkalo BA (2000) The distribution of somatic H1 subtypes is non-random on active vs. inactive chromatin: distribution in human fetal fibroblasts. Chromosome Res 8: 405–424.
|
| [83] | Parseghian MH, Hamkalo BA (2001) A compendium of the histone H1 family of somatic subtypes: an elusive cast of characters and their characteristics. Biochem Cell Biol 79: 289–304.
|
| [84] | Chadee DN, Taylor WR, Hurta RA, Allis CD, Wright JA, et al. (1995) Increased phosphorylation of histone H1 in mouse fibroblasts transformed with oncogenes or constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. J Biol Chem 270: 20098–20105.
|
| [85] | Chadee DN, Allis CD, Wright JA, Davie JR (1997) Histone H1b phosphorylation is dependent upon ongoing transcription and replication in normal and ras-transformed mouse fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 272: 8113–8116.
|
| [86] | Higurashi M, Adachi H, Ohba Y (1987) Synthesis and degradation of H1 histone subtypes in mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. J Biol Chem 262: 13075–13080.
|
| [87] | Gunjan A, Alexander BT, Sittman DB, Brown DT (1999) Effects of H1 histone variant overexpression on chromatin structure. J Biol Chem 274: 37950–37956.
|
| [88] | Huang HC, Cole RD (1984) The distribution of H1 histone is nonuniform in chromatin and correlates with different degrees of condensation. J Biol Chem 259: 14237–14242.
|
| [89] | Rasheed BK, Whisenant EC, Ghai RD, Papaioannou VE, Bhatnagar YM (1989) Biochemical and immunocytochemical analysis of a histone H1 variant from the mouse testis. J Cell Sci 94 (Pt 1): 61–71.
|
| [90] | Becker PB (2002) Nucleosome sliding: facts and fiction. Embo J 21: 4749–4753.
|
| [91] | Bruno M, Flaus A, Stockdale C, Rencurel C, Ferreira H, et al. (2003) Histone H2A/H2B dimer exchange by ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activities. Mol Cell 12: 1599–1606.
|
| [92] | Vicent GP, Nacht AS, Smith CL, Peterson CL, Dimitrov S, et al. (2004) DNA instructed displacement of histones H2A and H2B at an inducible promoter. Mol Cell 16: 439–452.
|
| [93] | Zofall M, Persinger J, Kassabov SR, Bartholomew B (2006) Chromatin remodeling by ISW2 and SWI/SNF requires DNA translocation inside the nucleosome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13: 339–346.
|
| [94] | Lusser A, Urwin DL, Kadonaga JT (2005) Distinct activities of CHD1 and ACF in ATP-dependent chromatin assembly. Nat Struct Mol Biol 12: 160–166.
|
| [95] | Corona DF, Siriaco G, Armstrong JA, Snarskaya N, McClymont SA, et al. (2007) ISWI regulates higher-order chromatin structure and histone H1 assembly in vivo. PLoS Biol 5: e232.
|
| [96] | Lee K, Kang MJ, Kwon SJ, Kwon YK, Kim KW, et al. (2007) Expansion of chromosome territories with chromatin decompaction in BAF53-depleted interphase cells. Mol Biol Cell 18: 4013–4023.
|
| [97] | Maier VK, Chioda M, Becker PB (2008) ATP-dependent chromatosome remodeling. Biol Chem 389: 345–352.
|
| [98] | Contreras A, Hale TK, Stenoien DL, Rosen JM, Mancini MA, et al. (2003) The dynamic mobility of histone H1 is regulated by cyclin/CDK phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 23: 8626–8636.
|
| [99] | Bonte E, Becker PB (1999) Preparation of chromatin assembly extracts from preblastoderm Drosophila embryos. Methods Mol Biol 119: 187–194.
|
| [100] | Venditti P, Di Croce L, Kauer M, Blank T, Becker PB, et al. (1998) Assembly of MMTV promoter minichromosomes with positioned nucleosomes precludes NF1 access but not restriction enzyme cleavage. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 3657–3666.
|
| [101] | Koop R, Di Croce L, Beato M (2003) Histone H1 enhances synergistic activation of the MMTV promoter in chromatin. Embo J 22: 588–599.
|
| [102] | Rodriguez-Campos A, Koop R, Faraudo S, Beato M (2004) Transcriptionally competent chromatin assembled with exogenous histones in a yeast whole cell extract. Nucleic Acids Res 32: e111.
|
| [103] | Workman JL, Kingston RE (1992) Nucleosome core displacement in vitro via a metastable transcription factor-nucleosome complex. Science 258: 1780–1784.
|
