全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS Medicine  2007 

Childhood Conditions Influence Adult Progesterone Levels

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040167

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Background Average profiles of salivary progesterone in women vary significantly at the inter- and intrapopulation level as a function of age and acute energetic conditions related to energy intake, energy expenditure, or a combination of both. In addition to acute stressors, baseline progesterone levels differ among populations. The causes of such chronic differences are not well understood, but it has been hypothesised that they may result from varying tempos of growth and maturation and, by implication, from diverse environmental conditions encountered during childhood and adolescence. Methods and Findings To test this hypothesis, we conducted a migrant study among first- and second-generation Bangladeshi women aged 19–39 who migrated to London, UK at different points in the life-course, women still resident in Bangladesh, and women of European descent living in neighbourhoods similar to those of the migrants in London (total n = 227). Data collected included saliva samples for radioimmunoassay of progesterone, anthropometrics, and information from questionnaires on diet, lifestyle, and health. Results from multiple linear regression, controlled for anthropometric and reproductive variables, show that women who spend their childhood in conditions of low energy expenditure, stable energy intake, good sanitation, low immune challenges, and good health care in the UK have up to 103% higher levels of salivary progesterone and an earlier maturation than women who develop in less optimal conditions in Sylhet, Bangladesh (F9,178 = 5.05, p < 0.001, standard error of the mean = 0.32; adjusted R2 = 0.16). Our results point to the period prior to puberty as a sensitive phase when changes in environmental conditions positively impact developmental tempos such as menarcheal age (F2,81 = 3.21, p = 0.03) and patterns of ovarian function as measured using salivary progesterone (F2,81 = 3.14, p = 0.04). Conclusions This research demonstrates that human females use an extended period of the life cycle prior to reproductive maturation to monitor their environment and to modulate reproductive steroid levels in accordance with projected conditions they might encounter as adults. Given the prolonged investment of human pregnancy and lactation, such plasticity (extending beyond any intrauterine programming) enables a more flexible and finely tuned adjustment to the potential constraints or opportunities of the later adult environment. This research is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate a postuterine developmental component to variation in reproductive steroid

 References

[1]  Ellison PT (1995) Understanding natural variation in human ovarian function. In: Dunbar RIM, editor. Human reproductive decisions: Biological and social perspectives. New York: St Martin's Press. pp. 22–51.
[2]  Ellison PT, Lipson SF, O'Rourke MT, Bentley GR, Harrigan AM, et al. (1993) Population variation in ovarian function. Lancet 342: 433–434.
[3]  Lipson SF, Ellison PT (1992) Normative study of age variation in salivary progesterone profiles. J Biosoc Sci 24: 233–244.
[4]  Mavoungou D, Poaty-Mavoungou V, Ongali B, Akoume MY, Maka G, et al. (2005) Hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis and immune response imbalance during chronic filarial infections. Trop Med Int Health 10: 1180–1186.
[5]  Ellison PT, Lager C (1986) Moderate recreational running is associated with lowered salivary progesterone profiles in women. Am J Obst Gynecol 154: 1000–1003.
[6]  Lager C, Ellison PT (1990) Effect of moderate weight loss on ovarian function assessed by salivary progesterone measurements. Am J Hum Biol 2: 303–312.
[7]  Ellison PT, Peacock NR, Lager C (1989) Ecology of ovarian function among Lese women of the Ituri Forest, Zaire. Am J Phys Anthrop 78: 519–526.
[8]  Jasienska G, Ellison PT (2004) Energetic factors and seasonal changes in ovarian function in women from rural Poland. Am J Hum Biol 16: 563–580.
[9]  Panter-Brick C, Lotstein DS, Ellison PT (1993) Seasonality of reproductive function and weight loss in rural Nepali women. Hum Reprod 8: 684–690.
[10]  Cooper G, Kuh D, Egger P, Wadsworth M, Barker DJP (1996) Childhood growth and age at menarche. Br J Obstetr Gynecol 103: 814–817.
[11]  Frisch RE (1987) Body fat, menarche, fitness and fertility. Hum Reprod 2: 521–533.
[12]  Warren MP (1980) The effects of exercise on pubertal progression and reproductive function in girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 1150–1157.
[13]  Apter D, Reinila M, Vikho R (1989) Some endocrine characteristics of early menarche, a risk factor for breast cancer, are preserved into adulthood. Int. J. Cancer 44: 783–787.
[14]  Gardner JD (1983) Adolescent menstrual characteristics as predictors of gynecological health. Ann Hum Biol 10: 31–40.
[15]  MacMahon B, Trichopolous D, Brown JB, Andersen AP, Cole P, et al. (1982) Age at menarche, urine oestrogens and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 30: 427–431.
[16]  Vihko R, Apter D (1984) Endocrine characteristics of adolescent menstrual cycles: Impact of early menarche. J Ster Biochem 20: 231–236.
[17]  Ellison PT (1990) Human ovarian function and reproductive ecology: New hypotheses. Amer Anthropol 92: 933–952.
[18]  Ellison PT (1996) Developmental influences on adult ovarian hormonal function. Am J Hum Biol 8: 725–734.
[19]  Lipson SF (2001) Metabolism, maturation and ovarian function. In: Ellison PT, editor. Reproductive ecology and human evolution. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 235–244.
[20]  Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. 262 p.
[21]  Bentley GR, Vitzthum VJ, Caceres E, Spielvogel H, Bovenkerk SD, et al. (2000) Salivary estradiol levels from conception and nonconception cycles in rural Bolivian women. Am J Hum Biol 12: 279.
[22]  Lipson SF, Ellison PT (1996) Comparison of salivary steroid profiles in naturally occurring conception and non-conception cycles. Hum Reprod 11: 2090–2096.
[23]  Ellison PT (1991) Reproductive ecology and human fertility. In: Lasker GW, Mascie-Taylor N, editors. Biological anthropology and human affairs. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–54.
[24]  Nú？ez-de la Mora A, Chatterton RT, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Bentley GR (2004) Growth, development and reproductive steroid levels: Two hormones, two stories? Ann Hum Biol 31: 607.
[25]  Nú？ez-de la Mora A, Bentley GR, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Chatterton RT (2007) The impact of developmental conditions on adult salivary estradiol levels: Why this differs from progesterone. Am J Hum Biol. In Press.
[26]  UNICEF (2006) The state of the world's children: 2006. Information by country. UNICEF. Available: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/bang？ladesh_bangladesh_statistics.html. Accessed 2 June 2006.
[27]  WHO (2006) World health statistics 2006. Geneva: World Health Organisation. Available: http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/en/ind？ex.html. Accessed 23 May 2006.
[28]  Gardner K (1995) International migration and the rural context in Sylhet. New Community 18: 579–590.
[29]  Berrington A (1996) Marriage patterns and inter-ethnic unions. In: Coleman D, Salt J, editors. Ethnicity in the 1991 census. London: HMSO. pp. 178–212.
[30]  Carey S, Shukor A (1985) A profile of the Bangladeshi community in East London. New Community 12: 405–417.
[31]  Eade J, Peach C, Vamplew T (1996) The Bangladeshis: The encapsulated community. In: Peach C, editor. Ethnicity in the 1991 census. The ethnic minority populations of Great Britain. London: HMSO. pp. 150–160.
[32]  Champion T (1996) Population review: (3) Migration to, from and within the United Kingdom. Popul Trends 83: 13–39.
[33]  Haskey J (1997) Population review: (8) The ethnic minority and overseas-born populations of Great Britain. Popul Trends. pp. 13–29.
[34]  Chowdhury S, Shahabudding AKM, Seal AJ, Talukder KK, Hassan Q, et al. (2000) Nutritional status and age at menarche in a rural area of Bangladesh. Ann Hum Biol 27: 249–256.
[35]  Riley AP (1989) Age at menarche and postmenarcheal growth in rural Bangladeshi females. Ann Hum Biol 16: 347–359.
[36]  Nú？ez-de la Mora A, Chatterton RT, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Hochman J, et al. (2004) Fresh or frozen?: Changing food habits among Bangladeshi migrant women in London. Am J Hum Biol 16: 216.
[37]  Muttalib MA, Islam N, Ghani JA, Khan K, Azizullah A, et al. (1975) Intestinal parasites in University of Dhaka students. J Trop Med Hyg 78: 224–226.
[38]  National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), Mitra and Associates (MA), ORC-Macro (2001) Bangladesh demographic and health survey 1999–2000. Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Calverton (Maryland): National Institute for Population Research and Training, Mitra and Associates and ORC Macro. 280 p.
[39]  Northrop-Clewes CA, Rousham EK, Mascie-Taylor CGN, Lunn PG (2001) Antihelmintic treatment of rural Bangladeshi children: Effect on host physiology, growth, and biochemical status. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 53–60.
[40]  Bangladesh-Bureau-of-Statistics (2003) Statistical yearbook of Bangladesh 2001. Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 1060 p.
[41]  Constantine G, Arundell L, Finn K, Lowe P, O'Connor A, et al. (1988) Helminth infestations in Asian women attending an antenatal clinic in England. Br J Obstetr Gynecol 95: 493–496.
[42]  Cole TJ (2000) Secular trends in growth. Proc Nutr Soc 59: 317–324.
[43]  Kelly AM, Shaw NJ, Thomas AMC, Pynsent PB, Baker DJ (1997) Growth of Pakistani children in relation to the 1990 growth standards. Arch Dis Child 77: 401–405.
[44]  Shams M, Williams R (1997) Generational changes in height and body mass differences between British Asians and the general population in Glasgow. J Biosoc Sci 29: 101–109.
[45]  Hilder AS (1994) Ethnic differences in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: What we can learn from the experience of immigrants in the UK. Early Hum Dev 38: 143–149.
[46]  ONS (2002) Social focus in brief: Ethnicity 2002. London: Office for National Statistics. 17 p.
[47]  Nu？ez-de la Mora A, Chatterton RT, Mateo E, Jesmin F, Bentley GR (2007) Effect of chewing betel nut on measurements of salivary progesterone and estradiol. Am J Phys Anthropol 132: 311–315.
[48]  Bedi R (1996) Betel-quid and tobacco chewing among the United Kingdom's Bangladeshi community. Br J Cancer 74: S73–S77.
[49]  Lu Y, Chatterton RJ, Vogelsong K, May L (1997) Direct radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva. J Immunoassay 18: 149–163.
[50]  Gibson RS (1990) Principles of nutritional assessment. New York: Oxford University Press. 708 p.
[51]  Campbell B (2006) Adrenarche and the evolution of human life history. Am J Hum Biol 18: 569–589.
[52]  Poretsky L, Cataldo NA, Rosenwaks Z, Guidice LC (1999) The insulin-related ovarian regulatory system in health and disease. Endocr Rev 20: 535–582.
[53]  Worthman C (1999) Epidemiology of human development. In: Panter-Brick C, Worthman C, editors. Hormones, health and behaviour: A sociological perspective. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press. pp. 47–104.
[54]  Ellison PT, Panter-Brick C, Lipson SF, O'Rourke MT (1993) The ecological context of human ovarian function. Hum Reprod 8: 2248–2258.
[55]  Moore SR, Lima AAM, Conaway MR, Schorling JB, Soares AM, et al. (2001) Early childhood diarrhoea and helminthiases associate with long-term linear growth faltering. Int J Epidemiol 30: 1457–1464.
[56]  Panter-Brick C, Lunn PG, Goto R, Wright CM (2004) Immunostimulation and growth faltering in UK infants. Am J Hum Biol 16: 581–587.
[57]  Tanner JM (1992) Growth as a measure of the nutritional and hygienic status of a population. Horm Res 38: 106–115.
[58]  Stephensen CB (1999) Burden of infection on growth failure. J Nutr 129: 534S–538S.
[59]  Crimmins EM, Finch CE (2006) Infection, inflammation, height and longevity. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 103: 498–503.
[60]  Ellison PT (1981) Morbidity, mortality, and menarche. Hum Biol 53: 635–643.
[61]  Chatterton RTJ, Mateo ET, Hou N, Rademaker AW, Acharya S, et al. (2005) Characteristics of salivary profiles of oestradiol and progesterone in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol 186: 77–84.
[62]  Nú？ez-de la Mora A (2005) Developmental effects on reproductive hormone levels: A migrant study [dissertation]. London (UK): University of London. 255 p.
[63]  Vitzthum VJ, Spielvogel H, Thornburg J (2004) Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans. Proc Acad Nat Acad Sci U S A 101: 1443–1448.
[64]  Lu Y, Bentley GR, Gann PH, Hodges KR, Chatterton RT (1999) Salivary estradiol and progesterone levels in conception and non-conception cycles in women: Evaluation of a new assay for salivary estradiol. Fert Ster 71: 863–868.
[65]  Venners SA, Liu X, Perry MJ, Korrick SA, Zhiping L, et al. (2006) Urinary estrogen and progesterone metabolite concentrations in menstrual cycles of fertile women with non-conception, early pregnancy loss or clinical pregnancy. Hum Reprod 21: 2272–2280.
[66]  Kuh D, Ben-Shlomo Y (2004) A life-course approach to chronic disease epidemiology; tracing the origins of ill-health from early to adult life. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. 494 p.
[67]  Bernstein L, Ross RK (1993) Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15: 48–65.
[68]  Key TJA, Pike MC (1988) The role of estrogens and progestogens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer. Eur J Clin Oncol 24: 29–43.
[69]  Pike MC, Spicer DV, Dahmoush L, Press MF (1993) Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell-proliferation, and breast-cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15: 17–35.
[70]  Jasienska G, Thune I (2001) Lifestyle, hormones, and risk of breast cancer. Br Med J 322: 586–587.
[71]  Nú？ez-de la Mora A, Napolitano DA, Choudhury OA, Bentley GR (2005) Changes in breastfeeeding practices among Bangladeshi women in London. Am J Phys Anthropol 126: 159.
[72]  Smith LK, Botha JL, Benghiat A, Steward WP (2003) Latest trends in cancer incidence among UK south Asians in Leicester. Br J Cancer 89: 70–73.
[73]  Winter H, Cheng KK, Cummins C, Maric R, Silcocks P, et al. (1999) Cancer incidence in the South Asian population of England (1990–92). Br J Cancer 79: 645–654.
[74]  Barker DJP (1998) Mothers, babies and health in later life. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 232 p.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133