LAS CLáUSULAS LIMITATIVAS, EXONERATIVAS O AGRAVANTES DE RESPONSABILIDAD EN MATERIA CONTRACTUAL. VALIDEZ Y LíMITES

this article discusses modification of contractual responsibility clauses in its three variants, namely, exoneration, limitation and aggravation of liability. the study focuses on the first two provisions because they are the ones that have caused more doctrinal discussion. even some authors have asserted that exculpatory clauses would not be valid due to lack of consideration. the analysis covers the basis of these clauses, the objections that have been made regarding them, their classification, limits, effects and interpretation. consent of the weaker party in the context of pre-formulated standard contracts, where such clauses are used extensively, and known as "unfair terms" is discussed in the last part of the article with reference also to the directive of the european union that regulates them.