| [1] | WHO (1997) WHO/PAHO/UNESCO report. A consultation with experts on amoebiasis. Mexico City, Mexico, 28–29 January, 1997. WHO Epidemiol Bull. 18. : 13–14.
|
| [2] | Mirelman D, Avron B (1988) Cyst formation in Entamoeba. In: Ravdin JI, editor. Amebiasis: Human infection by Entamoeba histolytica. New York Wiley Medical Publication. pp. 768–781.
|
| [3] | Eichinger D (2001) A role for a galactose lectin and its ligands during encystment of Entamoeba. Eukaryot Microbiol 48 (1): 17–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00411.x
|
| [4] | Chávez-Munguía B, Oma？a-Molina M, González-Lázaro M, González-Robles A, Cedillo-Rivera R, et al. (2007) Ultrastructure of cyst differentiation in parasitic protozoa. Parasitol Reserch 100: 1169–1175. doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0447-x
|
| [5] | López-Romero E, Villagómez-Castro JC (1993) Encystation in Entamoeba invadens. Parasitol Today 9: 225–227. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(93)90019-C
|
| [6] | Gorb SN (1997) Ultrastructural architecture of the microtrichia of the insect cuticle. J Morphol 234: 1–10. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4687(199710)234:1<1::aid-jmor1>3.0.co;2-i
|
| [7] | Park KE, Kang HK, Lee SJ, Min BM, Park WH (2006) Biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds: preparation and characterization of PGA/chitin blend nano-fibers. Biomacromolecules 7: 635–643. doi: 10.1021/bm0509265
|
| [8] | Sirijintakarn P, Bailey GB (1980) The relationship of DNA synthesis and cell cycle events to encystation by Entamoeba invadens. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 11: Suppl3–10.
|
| [9] | Clark CG, Espinosa-Cantellano M, Bhattacharya A (2000) Entamoeba histolytica: an overview of the biology of the organism. In: Radvin JI, editor. Amebiasis. Series on Tropical Medicine. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 1–45.
|
| [10] | Ganguly A, Lohia A (2001) The cell cycle of Entamoeba invadens during vegetative growth and differentiation. Mol Biochem Parasitol 112: 277–285. doi: 10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00376-5
|
| [11] | Kane AV, Ward HD, Keusch GT, Pereira ME (1991) In vitro encystation of Giardia lamblia: large-scale production of in vitro cysts and strain and clone differences in encystation efficiency. J Parasitol 77: 974–981. doi: 10.2307/3282752
|
| [12] | Byers TJ, Akins RA, Maynard BJ, Lefken RA, Martin SM (1980) Rapid growth of Acanthamoeba in defined media; induction of encystment by glucose-acetate starvation. J Protozool 27: 216–219. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04684.x
|
| [13] | Vázquezdelara-Cisneros LG, Arroyo-Begovich A (1984) Induction of encystation of Entamoeba invadens by removal of glucose from the culture medium. J Parasitol 70: 629–633. doi: 10.2307/3281741
|
| [14] | Avron B, Stolarsky T, Chayen A, Mirelman D (1986) Encystation of Entamoeba invadens IP-1 is induced by lowering the osmotic pressure and depletion of nutrients from the medium. J Protozool 33: 522–525. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05655.x
|
| [15] | Luján HD, Mowatt MR, Nash TE (1997) Mechanisms of Giardia lamblia differentiation into cysts. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 61: 294–304.
|
| [16] | Macechko PT, Steimle PA, Lindmark DG, Erlandsen SL, Jaroll EL (1992) Galactosamine-synthesizing enzymes are induced when Giardia encyst. Mol Biochem Parasitol 56: 301–309. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90179-N
|
| [17] | Morales-Vallarta M, Villarreal-Trevino L, Guerrero-Medrano L, Ramírez-Bon E, Navarro-Marmolejo L, et al. (1997) Entamoeba invadens differentiation and Entamoeba histolytica cyst-like formation induced by CO2. Arch Med Res 28: Suppl150–151.
|
| [18] | González-Salazar F, Viader-Salvadó JM, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Campos-Góngora E, Mata-Cárdenas BD, et al. (2000) Identification of seven chemical factors that favor high-quality Entamoeba histolytica cyst-like structure formation under axenic conditions. Arch Med Res 31: Suppl192–193. doi: 10.1016/s0188-4409(00)00193-4
|
| [19] | Said-Fernández S, Campos-Góngora E, González-Salazar F, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Vargas-Villarreal J, et al. (2001) Mg2+, Mn2+, and Co2+ stimulate Entamoeba histolytica to produce chitin-like material. J Parasitol 87: 919–923. doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0919:MMACSE]2.0.CO;2
|
| [20] | Barrón-González MP, Villareal-Trevi？o L, Reséndez-Pérez D, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Morales-Vallarta MR (2008) Entamoeba histolytica: Cyst-like strcutures in vitro induction. Exp Parasitol 118: 600–603. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.11.002
|
| [21] | Ehrenkaufer GM, Haque R, Hackney JA, Eichinger D, Singh U (2007) Identification of developmentally regulated genes in Entamoeba histolytica: insights into mechanisms of stage conversion in a protozoan parasite. Cel Microbiol 9: 1426–1444. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00882.x
|
| [22] | Diamond LS, Harlow DR, Cunnick CC (1978) A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72: 431–432. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90144-X
|
| [23] | Ritchie LS (1948) An ether sedimentation technique for routine stool examinations. Bull U S Army Med Dept 8: 326.
|
| [24] | Hamzah Z, Petmitr S, Mungthin M, Leelayoova S, Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr P (2006) Differential detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar, and Entamoeba moshkovskii by a single-round PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 44: 3196–3200. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00778-06
|
| [25] | Barrón-González MP, Villareal-Trevi？o L, Verduzco-Martínez JA, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Morales-Vallarta M (2005) Entamoeba invadens: in vitro axenic encystation with a serum substitute. Exp Parasitol 110: 318–321. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.03.021
|
| [26] | Schupp DG, Januschka MM, Sherlock LA, Stibbs HH, Meyer EA, et al. (1988) Production of viable Giardia cysts in vitro: determination by fluorogenic dye staining, excystation, and animal infectivity in the mouse and Mongolian gerbil. Gastroenterology 95: 1–10.
|
| [27] | Lucero HA, Kuranda MJ, Bulik DA (2002) A nonradioactive, high throughput assay for chitin synthase activity. Anal Biochem 305: 97–105. doi: 10.1006/abio.2002.5594
|
| [28] | Ghosh SK, Field J, Frisardi M, Rosenthal B, Mai Z, et al. (1999) Chitinase secretion by encysting Entamoeba invadens and transfected Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites: localization of secretory vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Infect Immun 67: 3073–3081.
|
| [29] | Eichinger D (2001) Encystation in parasitic protozoa. Curr Opin Microbiol 4: 421–426. doi: 10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00229-0
|
| [30] | Smith AL, Smith HV (1989) A comparison of fluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide staining and in vitro excystation for determining Giardia intestinalis cyst viability. Parasitology 3: 329–331. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000059035
|
| [31] | Campos-Góngora E, Viader-Salvadó JM, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Zu？iga-Charles MA, Galindo JM, et al. (2000) Mg, Mn, and Co ions enhance the formation of Entamoeba histolytica cyst-like structures resistant to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Arch Med Res 31: 162–8. doi: 10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00054-0
|
| [32] | Nathan CF (1987) Neutrophil activation on biological surfaces. Massive secretion of hydrogen peroxide in response to products of macrophages and lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 80: 1550–1560. doi: 10.1172/JCI113241
|
| [33] | Jourd'heuil D, Morise Z, Conner EM, Grisham MB (1997) Oxidants, transcription factors, and intestinal inflammation. J Clin Gastroenterol 25: Suppl 1S61–72. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199700001-00011
|
| [34] | Halliwell B, Zhao K, Whiteman M (2001) The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action? Free Radic Res 33: 819–830. doi: 10.1080/10715760000301341
|
| [35] | Belozerskaia TA, Gessler NN (2006) Oxidative stress and cell differentiation in Neurospora crassa. Mikrobiologiia 75: 497–501.
|
| [36] | Szymczyk KH, Kerr BA, Freeman TA, Adams CS, Steinbeck MJ (2006) Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the differentiation and apoptosis of preosteoclastic cells exposed to arsenite. Biochem Pharmacol 72: 761–769. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.027
|
| [37] | Menon J, Rozman R (2007) Oxidative stress, tissue remodeling and regression during amphibian metamorphosis. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 145: 625–631. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.02.011
|
| [38] | Mukherjee C, Clark CG, Lohia A (2008) Entamoeba Shows Reversible Variation in Ploidy under Different Growth Conditions and between Life Cycle Phases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e281. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000281.
|
| [39] | Arroyo-Begovich A, Cárabez-Trejo A, Ruíz-Herrera J (1980) Identification of the structural component in the cyst wall of Entamoeba invadens. J Parasitol 66: 735–741. doi: 10.2307/3280662
|
| [40] | Arroyo-Begovich A, Cárabez-Trejo A (1982) Location on chitin in the cyst wall of Entamoeba invadens with colloidal gold tracers. J Parasitol 68: 253–258. doi: 10.2307/3281183
|
| [41] | Arroyo-Begovich A, Carabez-Trejo A, de la Torre M (1980) Staining of cysts of Entamoeba invadens, Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba coli with wheat germ agglutinin labelled with colloidal gold. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 11: Suppl25–30.
|
| [42] | Van-Keulen H, Steimle PA, Bulik DA, Borowiak RK, Jarroll EL (1998) Cloning of two putative Giardia lamblia glucosamine-6-phosphate isomerase genes only one which is transcriptionally activated during encystment. J Eukaryot Microbiol 45: 637–642. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04560.x
|
| [43] | López AB, Hossain MT, Van-Keulen H (2002) Giardia intestinalis glucosamine 6-phosphate isomerase: the key enzyme to encystment appers to be controlled by ubiquitin attachment. J Eukaryot Microbiol 49: 134–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00356.x
|
| [44] | Loftus B, Anderson I, Davies R, Alsmark UCM, Samuelson J, et al. (2005) The genome of the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Nature 433: 865–868. doi: 10.1038/nature03291
|
| [45] | Jarroll EL, Macechko PT, Steimle PA, Bulik D, Karr CD, et al. (2001) Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism during Giardia encystment. J Eukaryot Microbiol 48: 22–26. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00412.x
|
| [46] | Vicente JB, Ehrenkaufer GM, Saraiva LM, Teixeira M, Singh U (2009) Entamoeba histolytica modulates a complex repertoire of novel genes in response to oxidative and nitrosative stresses: implications for amebic pathogenesis. Cell Microbiol 11: 51–69. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2008.01236.x
|
| [47] | Campos-Góngora E, Viader-Salvadó JM, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Mora-Galindo J, Said-Fernández S (1997) Stimulation of Entamoeba histolytica cyst wall polysaccharide synthesis by three divalent cations. Arch Med Res 28 (Spec No): 141–142.
|
| [48] | Campos-Góngora E, Ebert F, Willhoeft U, Said-Fernández S, Tannich E (2004) Charaterization of chitin synthases from Entamoeba. Protist 155: 323–330. doi: 10.1078/1434461041844204
|
| [49] | Karr CD, Jarroll EL (2004) Cyst wall synthase: N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity is induced to form the novel N-acetylgalactosamine polysaccharide in the Giardia cyst wall. Microbiology 150: 1237–1243. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.26922-0
|
| [50] | Takano J, Narita T, Tachibana H, Shimizu T, Komatsubara H, et al. (2005) Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infections in cynomolgus monkeys imported into Japan for research. Parasitol Res 97: 255–257. doi: 10.1007/s00436-005-1415-6
|
| [51] | Leitch GJ, Udezulu IA, He Q, Visvesvara GS (1993) Effects of protein malnutrition on experimental Giardiasis in the Mongolian gerbil. Scand J Gastroenterol 28: 885–893. doi: 10.3109/00365529309103130
|
| [52] | Yanke SJ, Ceri H, McAllister TA, Morck DW, Olson ME (1998) Serum immune response to Giardia duodenalis in experimentally infected lambs. Vet Parasitol 75: 9–19. doi: 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00187-8
|
| [53] | Larocque R, Nakagaki K, Lee P, Abdul-Wahid A, Faubert GM (2003) Immunization of BALB/c mice with Giardia duodenalis recombinant cyst wall protein inhibits shedding of cysts. Infect Immun 71: 5662–5669. doi: 10.1128/IAI.71.10.5662-5669.2003
|
| [54] | Stein JE, Radecki SV, Lappin MR (2003) Efficacy of Giardia vaccination in the treatment of giardiasis in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222: 1548–1551. doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.1548
|
