[1] | Behnke JM, De Clercq D, Sacko M, Gilbert FS, Ouattara DB, et al. (2000) The epidemiology of human hookworm infections in the southern region of Mali. Trop Med Int Health 5: 343–354. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2000.00553.x
|
[2] | Palmer DR, Bundy DAP (1995) Epidemiology of human hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides infestations in rural Gambia. East Afr Med J 72: 527–530.
|
[3] | Udonsi JK (1984) Studies on the co-occurrence of two species of human hookworm in a riverine community in Nigeria. Tropenmed Parasitol 35: 37–40.
|
[4] | Udonsi JK (1984) Necator americanus infection: a cross-sectional study of a rural community in relation to some clinical symptoms. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 78: 443–444.
|
[5] | Chandiwana SK, Bradley M, Chombo F (1989) Hookworm and roundworm infections in farm-worker communities in the large-scale agricultural sector in Zimbabwe. J Trop Med Hyg 92: 338–344.
|
[6] | Asaolu SO, Holland CV, Jegede JO, Fraser NR, Stoddard RC, et al. (1992) The prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiases in rural communities in southern Nigeria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 86: 279–287.
|
[7] | Bradley M, Chandiwana SK, Bundy DA, Medley GF (1992) The epidemiology and population biology of Necator americanus infection in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86: 73–76. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(92)90448-L
|
[8] | Diggle P, Moyeed R, Tawn J (1998) Model-based geostatistics (with discussion). Applied Statistics 47: 299–350. doi: 10.1111/1467-9876.00113
|
[9] | Pfeiffer DU, Hugh-Jones M (2002) Geographical information systems as a tool in epidemiological assessment and wildlife disease management. Rev Sci Tech 21: 91–102.
|
[10] | Saathoff E, Olsen A, Sharp B, Kvalsvig JD, Appleton CC, et al. (2005) Ecologic covariates of hookworm infection and reinfection in rural Kwazulu-natal/south Africa: a geographic information system-based study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72: 384–391.
|
[11] | Brooker S, Alexander N, Geiger S, Moyeed RA, Stander J, et al. (2006) Contrasting patterns in the small-scale heterogeneity of human helminth infections in urban and rural environments in Brazil. Int J Parasitol 36: 1143–1151. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.05.009
|
[12] | Breitling LP, Wilson AJ, Raiko A, Lagog M, Siba M, et al. (2008) Heritability of human hookworm infection in Papau New Guinea. Parasitology 135: 1407–1415. doi: 10.1017/S0031182008004976
|
[13] | Quinnell RJ, Pullan RL, Brooker S, Geiger S, Correa-Oliveira R, et al. (2009) Genetic and household determinants of predisposition to human hookworm infection in a Brazilian community. Submitted. doi: 10.1086/655813
|
[14] | Pullan RL, Bethony JM, Geiger SM, Correa-Oliveira R, Brooker S, et al. (2009) Human helminth co-infection: no evidence of common genetic control of hookworm and Schistosoma mansoni infection intensity in a Brazilian community. Int J Parasitol. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2009.08.002
|
[15] | Williams-Blangero S, Blangero J, Bradley M (1997) Quantitative genetic analysis of susceptibility to hookworm infection in a population from rural Zimbabwe. Hum Biol 69: 201–208.
|
[16] | Makinen VP, Karkkonen M, Wessman M, Groop P-H, Kanninen T, et al. (2005) High throughput pedigree drawing. Eur J Hum Genet 13: doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201430
|
[17] | Dyke B (1999) PEDSYS: A Pedigree Data Management System. Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research., San Antonio, TX.
|
[18] | Anderson RM, May RM (1985) Helminth infections of humans: mathematical models, population dynamics, and control. Advances in Parasitology 24: 1–101. doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60561-8
|
[19] | Anderson RM (1993) Epidemiology. In: Cox FEG, editor. Modern Parasitology. Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 75–116.
|
[20] | Almasy L, Blangero J (1998) Multipoint quantitative-trait linkage analysis in general pedigrees. Am J Hum Genet 62: 1198–1211. doi: 10.1086/301844
|
[21] | Khoury MJ, Beaty TH, Cohen BH (1993) Fundamentals of genetic epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press.
|
[22] | Rice TK, Borecki IB (2001) Familial resemblance and heritability. Adv Genet 42: 35–44. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)42013-x
|
[23] | Pullan RL, Bukirwa H, Staedke SG, Snow RW, Brooker S (2010) Plasmodium infection and its risk factors in eastern Uganda. Malar J. In press. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-2
|
[24] | Chan L, Bundy DA, Kan SP (1994) Genetic relatedness as a determinant of predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection. Parasitology 108(Pt 1): 77–80. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000078549
|
[25] | Chan L, Bundy DA, Kan SP (1994) Aggregation and predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura at the familial level. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 46–48. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90492-8
|
[26] | Shapiro AE, Tukahebwa EM, Kasten J, Clarke SE, Magnussen P, et al. (2005) Epidemiology of helminth infections and their relationship to clinical malaria in southwest Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 18–24. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.02.006
|
[27] | Bethony J, Chen J, Lin S, Xiao S, Zhan B, et al. (2002) Emerging patterns of hookworm infection: influence of aging on the intensity of Necator infection in Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. Clin Infect Dis 35: 1336–1344. doi: 10.1086/344268
|
[28] | Brooker S, Jardim-Botelho A, Quinnell RJ, Geiger SM, Caldas IR, et al. (2007) Age-related changes in hookworm infection, anaemia and iron deficiency in an area of high Necator americanus hookworm transmission in south-eastern Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 101: 146–154. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.05.012
|
[29] | Needham C, Kim HT, Hoa NV, Cong LD, Michael E, et al. (1998) Epidemiology of soil-transmitted nematode infections in Ha Nam Province, Vietnam. Tropical Medicine & International Health 3: 904–912. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00324.x
|
[30] | Ye XP, Wu ZX, Sun FH (1994) The population biology and control of Necator americanus in a village community in south-eastern China. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 88: 635–643.
|
[31] | Hay SI, Randolph SE, Rogers DJ (2000) Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology. London, UK: Academic Press.
|
[32] | Pfeiffer DU, Robinson TP, Stevenson M, Stevens KB, Rogers DJ, et al. (2008) Spatial analysis in epidemiology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
|
[33] | Bernadinelli L, Montomoli C (1992) Empirical Bayes versus fully Bayesian analysis of geographical variation in disease risk. Stat Med 11: 983–1007. doi: 10.1002/sim.4780110802
|
[34] | Bliss CA, Fisher RA (1953) Fitting the negative binomial to biological data and a note on the efficient fitting of the negative binomial. Biometrics 9: 176–200. doi: 10.2307/3001850
|
[35] | Alexander N (2000) Spatial modelling of individual-level parasite counts using the negative binomial distribution. Biostatistics 1: 453–463. doi: 10.1093/biostatistics/1.4.453
|
[36] | Clennon JA, King CH, Muchiri EM, Karuiki HC, Ouma JH, et al. (2004) Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal Kenya. am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 443–448.
|
[37] | Brooker S, Clarke S, Njagi JK, Polack S, Mugo B, et al. (2004) Spatial clustering of malaria and associated risk factors during an epidemic in a highland area of western Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 9: 757–766. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x
|
[38] | Utzinger J, Muller I, Vounatsou P, Singer BH, N'Goran EK, et al. (2003) Random spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infections among school children within a single village. J Parasitol 89: 686–692. doi: 10.1645/GE-75R
|
[39] | Matthys B, Tschannen AB, Tian-Bi NT, Comoe H, Diabate S, et al. (2007) Risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm in urban farming communties in western Cote d'Ivoire. Tropical Medicine & International Health 12: 709–723. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01841.x
|
[40] | Handzel T, Karanja DM, Addiss DG, Hightower AW, Rosen DH, et al. (2003) Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Western Kenya: implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69: 318–323.
|
[41] | Cairncross S, Blumenthal U, Kolsky P, Moraes L, Tayeh A (1996) The public and domestic domains in the transmission of disease. Trop Med Int Health 1: 27–34. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-9.x
|
[42] | Schad GA, Nawalinski TA, Kochar V (1983) Human ecology and the distribution and abundance of hookworm populations. Human ecology and infectious diseases. Academic Press.
|
[43] | Pullan R, Bethony J, Geiger S, Cundill B, Correa-Oliveira R, et al. (2008) Human helminth co-infection: an analysis of spatial heterogeneity and household and environmental risk factors in a Brazilian community. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000352
|
[44] | Williams-Blangero S, Subedi J, Upadhayay RP, Manral DB, Rai DR, et al. (1999) Genetic analysis of susceptibility to infection with Ascaris lumbricoides. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 921–926.
|
[45] | Williams-Blangero S, McGarvey ST, Subedi J, Wiest PM, Upadhayay RP, et al. (2002) Genetic component to susceptibility to Trichuris trichiura: evidence from two Asian populations. Genet Epidemiol 22: 254–264. doi: 10.1002/gepi.0187
|
[46] | Yen-Revollo JL, Van Booven DJ, Peters EJ, Hoskins JM, Engen RM, et al. (2009) Influence of ethnicity on pharmacogenetic variation in the Ghanaian population. Pharmacogenomics J. doi: 10.1038/tpj.2009.28
|
[47] | Hill AV, Yates SN, Allsopp CE, Gupta S, Gilbert SC, et al. (1994) Human leukocyte antigens and natural selection by malaria. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 346: 379–385. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0155
|
[48] | Ekstrom CT (2009) The impact of pedigree structure on heritability estimates. Human Heredity 68: 243–251. doi: 10.1159/000228922
|
[49] | Quinnell RJ, Woolhouse ME, Walsh EA, Pritchard DI (1995) Immunoepidemiology of human necatoriasis: correlations between antibody responses and parasite burdens. Parasite Immunol 17: 313–318. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00897.x
|
[50] | Quinnell RJ, Pritchard DI, Raiko A, Brown AP, Shaw MA (2004) Immune responses in human necatoriasis: association between interleukin-5 responses and resistance to reinfection. J Infect Dis 190: 430–438. doi: 10.1086/422256
|
[51] | Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004) Human hookworm infection in the 21st century. Adv Parasitol 58: 197–288. doi: 10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1
|
[52] | Sorensen RE, Ismail MM, Amarasinghe DK, Hettiarachchi I, Dassenaeike TS (1994) The effect of the availability of latrines on soil-transmitted nematode infections in the plantation sector in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 51: 36–39.
|
[53] | Chongsuvivatwong V, Pas-Ong S, McNeil D, Geater A, Duerawee M (1996) Predictors for the risk of hookworm infection: experience from endemic villages in southern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 90: 630–633. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90412-5
|
[54] | Holland CV, Taren DL, Crompton DW, Nesheim MC, Sanjur D, et al. (1988) Intestinal helminthiases in relation to the socioeconomic environment of Panamanian children. Soc Sci Med 26: 209–213. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(88)90241-9
|
[55] | Bethony J, Williams JT, Kloos H, Blangero J, Alves-Fraga L, et al. (2001) Exposure to Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural area in Brazil. II: household risk factors. Trop Med Int Health 6: 136–145. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2001.00685.x
|
[56] | Raso G, Utzinger J, Silue KD, Ouattara A, Yapi A, et al. (2005) Disparities in parasitic infections, perceived ill health and access to health care among poorer and less poor schoolchildren of rural C?te d'Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health 10: 42–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01352.x
|
[57] | Hotez P (2007) Hookworm and poverty. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1136: 38–44. doi: 10.1196/annals.1425.000
|
[58] | Bundy DA (1988) Gender-dependent patterns of infections and disease. Parasitol Today 4: 186–189. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(88)90076-2
|
[59] | Kamunvi F, Ferguson AG (1993) Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of human intestinal helminths (worms) in two rural communities in Nyanza Province, Western Kenya. East Afr Med J 70: 482–490.
|
[60] | de Silva N, Jayapandi VP, de Silva HJ (1996) Socioeconomic and behavioral factors affecting the prevalence of geohelminths in preschool children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 27: 36–42.
|
[61] | Phiri K, Whitty CJ, Graham SM, Ssembatya-Lule G (2000) Urban/rural differences in prevalence and risk factors for intestinal helminth infection in southern Malawi. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 94: 381–387.
|
[62] | Traub RJ, Robertson ID, Irwin P, Mencke N, Andrew-Thompson RC (2004) The prevalence, intensity and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea-growing communities of Assam, India. Tropical Medicine and International Health 9: 668–701. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01252.x
|
[63] | Anderson RM, Schad GA (1985) Hookworm burdens and faecal egg counts: an analysis of the biological basis of variation. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 79: 812–825. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(85)90128-2
|
[64] | Olsen A, Magnussen P, Ouma JH, Andreassen J, Friis H (1998) The contribution of hookworm and other parasitic infections to haemoglobin and iron status among children and adults in western Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 92: 643–649. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90795-7
|
[65] | Gilgen D, Mascie-Taylor CG (2001) The effect of anthelmintic treatment on helminth infection and anaemia. Parasitology 122 Pt 1: 105–110. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000007113
|
[66] | WHO (2002) Preparing and implementing a national plan to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Geneva: World Health Organisation.
|
[67] | WHO (2009) Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis – Progress report on mass drug administration in 2008. Weekly Epidemiological Record 84: 437–444.
|