The major arboviral diseases in mainland China include Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (also known as Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever), and tick-borne encephalitis. These and other newly found arbovirus infections due to Banna virus and Tahyna virus contribute to a large and relatively neglected disease burden in China. Here we briefly review the literature regarding these arboviral infections in mainland China with emphasis on their epidemiology, primary vectors, phylogenetic associations, and the prevention programs associated with these agents in China.
References
[1]
Calisher CH (1994) Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada. Clin Microbiol Rev 7: 89–116.
[2]
Karabatsos N (1985) International catalogue of arthropod-borne viruses. 3rd ed. San Antonio, TX: American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
[3]
Liang GD (2005) Arboviruses — a field that should be urgently strengthened in China. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 19: 305–306 (in Chinese).
[4]
Solomon T (2006) Control of Japanese encephalitis–within our grasp? N Engl J Med 355: 869–871. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp058263
[5]
Erlanger TE, Weiss S, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Wiedenmayer K (2009) Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 1–7. doi: 10.3201/eid1501.080311
[6]
Tyler KL (2009) Emerging viral infections of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 66: 939–948. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.153
[7]
Tsai TF (2000) New initiatives for the control of Japanese encephalitis by vaccination: minutes of a WHO/CVI meeting, Bangkok, Thailand, 13–15 Oct. 1998. Vaccine 18: 1–25. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(00)00037-2
[8]
Wilder-Smith A (2009) Japanese encephalitis: is there a need for a novel vaccine? Expert Rev Vaccines 8: 969–972. doi: 10.1586/erv.09.69
[9]
Halstead SB, Tsai TF (2004) Japanese encephalitis vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, editors. Vaccines. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 919–958.
[10]
Wang XJ, Lu Y, Zhang YP, Chen YS, Liang XF (2004) Dynamic tendency of Japanese B encephalitis in China. Chin J Vac Immun 10: 302–304 (in Chinese).
Solomon T, Ni HL, David W, Miquel E, Mary JC, et al. (2003) Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Southeast Asia. J Virol 77: 3091–3098. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.3091-3098.2003
[13]
Wang HY, Takasaki T, Fu SH, Sun XH, Zhang HL, et al. (2007) Molecular epidemiological analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus in China. J Gen Virol 71: 885–894. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.82185-0
[14]
Wang LH, Fu SH, Wang HY, Liang XF, Cheng JX, et al. (2007) Japanese encephalitis outbreak, Yuncheng, China, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 13: 1123–1125. doi: 10.3201/eid1307.070010
[15]
Wang HY, Fu SH, Wang JW, He Y, Cai ZL, et al. (2005) Arbovirus survey in some region in Heilongjiang province. Chin J Exp Clin Virol. 19. : 307–311 (in Chinese).
[16]
Wang JL, Pan XL, Zhang HL, Fu SH, Wang HY, et al. (2009) Japanese encephalitis viruses from bats in Yunnan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 939–942. doi: 10.3201/eid1506.081525
[17]
Li YX, Yin ZD, Li JH, Ning X, Wang XX, et al. (2007) Epidemiological characteristic analysis of Japanese encephalitis in China during 2004–2006. Chin J Vac Immun. 13. : 528–532 (in Chinese).
[18]
Chen YS, Liang XF, Li YX, Yang JF, Li JH, et al. (2006) [Epidemiological characteristic analysis of Japanese encephalitis in China during 2000–2004] (in Chinese). Chin J Vac Immun 12: 196–198.
[19]
Gu PW, Ding ZE (1987) Inactivated Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine made from hamster kidney cell culture (a review). Jpn Encephalitis Haemorrhagic Fever Renal Syndr Bull 2: 15–26.
[20]
Tsai TF, Chang GJ, Yu YX (1999) Japanese encephalitis vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA, editors. Vaccines. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. pp. 672–703.
[21]
Zhou BL, Jia LL, Xu XL, Wang HM, Xue ZY, et al. (1999) A large-scale study on the safety and epidemiological efficacy of Japanese encephalitis (JE) live vaccine (SA14-14-2) in the JE endemic areas. Chin J Epidemiol 20: 38–41 (in Chinese).
[22]
WHO (1999) Strengthening implementation of the global strategy for dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever prevention and control—report of the Informal Consultation. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Dengue？_GlobalStrategy.pdf (accessed Nov 11, 2009).
Webster DP, Farrar J, Rowland-Jones S (2009) Progress towards a dengue vaccine. Lancet Infect Dis 9: 678–687. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70254-3
[25]
Zhao HL, Luo QH, Shen GZ (1981) The epidemic of dengue fever at Shiwanzhen of Foshan city in 1978. Natl Med J China 61: 366–369 (in Chinese).
[26]
Li FS, Yang FR, Song JC, Gao H, Tang JQ, et al. (1986) Etiologic and serologic investigations of the 1980 epidemic of dengue fever on Hainan Island, China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35: 1051–1054.
[27]
Qiu FX, Chen QQ, Ho QY, Chen WZ, Zhao ZG, et al. (1991) The first epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever in the People's Republic of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg 44: 364–370.
[28]
Group for the Prevention and Management of Aedes albopictus and Aedes egypi (1982) Distribution and control and prevention of Aedes albopictus in China. Chin J Epidemiol 3: 354–356 (in Chinese).
[29]
Fu YR (1982) Primary observation of repetitious hematophagia of the Aedes albopictus. Chin J Epidemiol 3: 215–217 (in Chinese).
[30]
Zhang HY, Yang XK, Li GY, Wang FL, Tong YP (1998) Detection of dengue virus genome RNA in some kinds of animals caught from Dengue fever endemic areas in Hainan province with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 12: 226–228 (in Chinese).
[31]
Zhang HL, Zi DY, Gong ZD (1999) The epidemiological survey of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China. Endemic Diseases Bulletin 14: 50–53 (in Chinese).
[32]
Cui JZ (1983) Dengue fever in China. pp. 3–25 (in Chinese). Guangxi Center for diseases control and prevention.
[33]
Qiu FX, Gubler DJ, Liu JC, Chen QQ (1993) Dengue in China: a clinical review. Bull World Health Oran 71: 349–359.
[34]
Xu GZ, Dong HJ, Shi NF, Liu SJ, Zhou AM, et al. (2007) An outbreak of dengue virus serotype 1 infection in Cixi, Ningbo, People's Republic of China, 2004, associated with a traveler from Thailand and high density of Aedes albopictus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 1182–1188.
[35]
Luo HM, He JF, Zheng K, Li LH, Jiang LM (2002) Analysis on the epidemiologic features of Dengue fever in Guangdong province, 1990–2000. Clin J Epidemiol 23: 417–430 (in Chinese).
[36]
Liang WJ, He JF, Luo HM, Zhou HQ, Yang F, et al. (2007) Analysis on the epidemiologic features of Dengue fever in Guangdong province, 2001–2006. South China J Prev Med 33: 4–7 (in Chinese).
[37]
Zhang HL, Zi DY, Gong ZD (1999) The epidemiological survey of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China. Endemic Diseases Bulletin 14: 50–54 (in Chinese).
[38]
Wang JL, Zhang HL, Sun XH, Fu SH, Mi ZQ, et al. (2008) Identification and sequence analysis of NS1 and NS2a of two strains of dengue type-4 virus from mosquitoes in Yunnan province. Chin J Zoonoses 24: 636–640 (in Chinese).
[39]
Yi CT (2002) General situation of prevalence and control of dengue fever in China. Chin J Public Health 18: 1128–1130 (in Chinese).
[40]
Kan B, Tang Q, Sun YY (1997) Prevalence and its reason of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome in China. Chin J Zoonoses 13: 54–56 (in Chinese).
Watts DM, Ksiazek TG, Linthicum KJ, Hoogstraal H (1988) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In: Monath TP, editor. The arboviruses: epidemiology and ecology, volume 2. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press. pp. 177–260.
[43]
Formenty P, Schnepf G, Gonzalez-Martin F, Bi Z (2007) International surveillance and control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. pp. 295–303. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
[44]
Vatansever Z, Uzun R, Estrada-Pena A, Ergonul O (2007) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. pp. 59–74. Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands.
[45]
Feng CH, Chai JJ, Han YY (1984) Etiological and serological study of Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever. Chin J Epidemiol 5: 339–341 (in Chinese).
[46]
Yan YC, Zhang YQ, Kong LX (1983) Study on characters of Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever virus. Chin J Epidemiol 4: 129–136 (in Chinese).
[47]
Saijo M (2007) Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of Western China. In: Ergonul O, Whitehouse CA, editors. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: a global perspective. Springer. pp. 115–130.
[48]
Lv XJ, Tang Q, Feng YM, Zhi Q, Wang C, et al. (2005) Molecular biological survey of tick-borne arboviruses in southern part of Xinjiang. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 19: 325–330 (in Chinese).
[49]
Saijo M, Tang Q, Shimayi B, Han L, Zhang YZ, et al. (2004) Possible horizontal transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus from mother to her child. Jpn J Infect Dis 57: 55–57.
[50]
Tang Q (2006) Research status and progress of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 20: 86–89 (in Chinese).
[51]
Tang Q, Zhao XQ, Wang HY, Simayi B, Zhang YZ, et al. (2005) Molecular epidemiology of Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever viruses. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 19: 312–318 (in Chinese).
[52]
Han L, Tang Q, Zhao XQ, Xi TZX, Tao XX (2002) Serologic studies of Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in Bachu county, 2001. Chin J Epidemiol 23: 179–181 (in Chinese).
[53]
Saijo M, Tang Q, Niikura M, Maeda A, Ikegami T, et al. (2002) Immunofluorescence technique using Hela cells expressing recombinant nucleoprotein for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 40: 372–375. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.2.372-375.2002
[54]
Saijo M, Tang Q, Niikura M, Maeda A, Ikegami T, et al. (2002) Recombinant nucleoprotein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Clin Microbiol 40: 1587–1591. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.5.1587-1591.2002
[55]
Gritsun TS, Lashkevich VA, Gould EA (2003) Tick-borne encephalitis. Antiviral Research 57: 129–146. doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00206-1
[56]
Mansfield KL, Johnson N, Phipps LP, Stephenson JR, Fooks AR, et al. (2009) Tick-borne encephalitis virus – a review of an emerging zoonosis. J Gen Virol 90: 1781–1794. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.011437-0
[57]
Zi DY, Cheng BQ, Yu YX (1995) Arbovirus and arbovirus diseases. Yunnan Science and Technology Press. pp. 192–201 (in Chinese).
[58]
Hou ZL, Liu RZ (1997) Nucleotides and amino acid sequences of E protein of northeastern tick-borne encephalitis virus strain. Chin J Virol 13: 47–53 (in Chinese).
[59]
Ecker M, Allison SL, Meixner T, Heinz FX (1999) Sequence analysis and genetic classification of tick-borne encephalitis viruses from Europe and Asia. J Gen Virol 80: 179–185.
[60]
Gritsun TS, Frolova TV, Zhankov AI, Armesto M, Turner SL, et al. (2003) Characterization of a Siberian virus isolated from a patient with progressive chronic tick-borne encephalitis. J Virol 77: 25–36. doi: 10.1128/JVI.77.1.25-36.2003
[61]
Song H, Wang HY, Wang F, Liu WB, Fu SH, et al. (2004) Design and application of M-RT-PCR diagnostic methods for arboviral encephalitis. J Microbiol Immunol 24: 317–323 (in Chinese).
[62]
Si BY, Ma XY, Li XY, Huo QB, Zhu QY (2003) Comparison of biology characteristics and nucleotide sequences of the E protein genes of two tick-borne encephalitis viruses isolated from China. Bulletin of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences 27: 259–285 (in Chinese).
[63]
Chen LF, Liu YC, Chen SH, Hui S, Li JH, et al. (2008) Characteristic analysis of E protein genes of new strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus isolated from China. Chin J Virol 24: 202–207 (in Chinese).
[64]
Cheng GS (2004) Study of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis. Infectious Disease Information 17: 7–9 (in Chinese).
[65]
Lu Z, Br？ker M, Liang GD (2008) Tick-borne encephalitis in mainland China. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 8: 713–720. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0028
[66]
Bi WM, Deng HP, Bu XY (1997) Study on the partition of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis. Journal of Capital Normal University (Natural Science Edition) 18: 100–107 (in Chinese).
[67]
Dong GM, Song ZM, Liu WX, An Q, Wang XL, et al. (2005) Studies on the vaccination reaction and immunogenicity of purified tick-borne encephalitis virus vaccine. Chin J Biologicals 18: 514–515 (in Chinese).
[68]
He JF, Shang ZZ (1990) Evaluation study of effect of tick-borne encephalitis vaccines. Bulletin of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences 14: 20–22 (in Chinese).
[69]
Song ZM, Dong GM, Hong C, An Q, Liu SJ, et al. (2004) Lab check and stage I clinical trials of purified tick-borne encephalitis vaccines. Chin J Biologicals 1: 412–413 (in Chinese).
[70]
Zhai YG, Wang HY, Sun XH, Fu SH, Wang HQ, et al. (2008) Complete sequence characterization of isolates of Getah virus (genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae) from China. J Gen Virol 89: 1446–1456. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83607-0
[71]
Li XD, Qiu FX, Yang H, Rao YN, Calisher CH (1992) Isolation of Getah virus from mosquitoes collected on Hainan Island, China, and results of a serosurvey. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 23: 730–734.
[72]
Zhang HL, Liu LH (1989) Isolation of Chikungunya virus from bats and investigation of serum antibodies to Chikungunya virus in Yuannan province. Chin J Virol 5: 31 (in Chinese).
[73]
Shi HF, Zhang HL, Zi DY, Mi ZQ, Li ZX, et al. (1990) First isolation of Chikungunya virus from patients in Yunnan, China. Chin J Zoonoses 6: 2–4 (in Chinese).
[74]
Dong BJ, Chen WZ, Li XY, Liu HB, Chen YB, et al. (1993) Two isolates of Chikungunya virus isolated from Culex fatigans and bats, for the first time in Hainan, China. Chin J Vector Biology and Control 4: 205–208 (in Chinese).
[75]
Liang GD, Li L, Zhou GL, Fu SH, Li QP, et al. (2000) Isolation and complete nucleotide sequence of a Chinese Sindbis-like virus. J Gen Virol 81: 1347–1351.
[76]
Zhou GL, Liang GD, Li L (1999) Sequencing and analysis of the whole structural genes of YN87447 isolated in China. Chin J Virol 15: 205–21l (in Chinese).
[77]
Xu PT, Wang YM, Zuo JM, Lin JW, Xu PM (1990) Isolation of orbiviruses from sera of patients with unknown fever and encephalitis collected from Yunnan Province. Chin J Virol 6: 27–33 (in Chinese).
[78]
Liu H, Li MH, Zhai YG, Meng WS, Sun XH, et al. (2010) Banna virus in China from 1987 to 2007: distribution and phylogenetic relationships. Emerge Infect Dis 16: 514–517.
[79]
Wang JL, Zhang HL, Fu SH, Wang HY, Ni D, et al. (2009) Isolation of kyasanur forest disease virus from febrile patient, Yunnan, China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 326–328. doi: 10.3201/eid1502.080979
[80]
Tao SJ, Cai ZL, Yang DR, Wang HQ, Fan YX, et al. (1990) New subtype of coltivirus isolated from mosquitoes in the northeast part of China. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 13: 228–231 (in Chinese).
[81]
Lv XJ, Lv Z, Fu Shihong, Sun XH, Wang HQ, et al. (2008) 0507JS60 virus isolated in Xinjiang was identified as Liaoning virus. Chin J Virol 24: 438–442 (in Chinese).
[82]
Zhao WZ, Zhao CS, Zhou GL, He HH, Fang MY, et al. (2000) Cloning and sequence analysis of 3′ending gene of two alphaviruses isolated in Hainan province. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 14: 213–217 (in Chinese).
[83]
Tao SJ, Zhang HL, Yang DR, Wang HQ, Liu QZ, et al. (2003) Investigation of arboviruses in Lancang river down-stream area in Yunnan province. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 17: 322–326 (in Chinese).
[84]
Wang FT, Lv Z, Wang JL, Fu SH, Zhang HL, et al. (2009) Sequencing and analysis of the full coding sequence of Batai virus isolated in China. Chin J Virol 25: 1–5 (in Chinese).
[85]
Sun XH, Fu SH, Gong ZD, Ge JQ, Meng WS, et al. (2009) Distribution of arboviruses and mosquitoes in northwestern Yunnan Province, China. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 9: 623–630. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2008.0145
[86]
Lu Z, Lu XJ, Fu SH, Zhang S, Li ZX, et al. (2009) Tahyna virus and human infection, China. Emerg Infect Dis 15: 306–309. doi: 10.3201/eid1502.080722
[87]
Wang ZS, An SY, Wang Y, Han Y, Guo JQ (2009) A new virus of flavivirus: Chaoyang virus isolated in Liaoning province. Chin J Public Health 25: 769–772 (in Chinese).
[88]
Zhang ZG, Chen J, Huang XR, Zhong JP, Zhang MY, et al. (2000) Investigation on the serology of Sindbis fever in Ninghua county Fujian province. Chin J Vector Biology and Control 11: 137–139 (in Chinese).
[89]
Chen BQ, Liu QZ, Zhou GF (1983) Investigation of human antibody to arbovirus in some areas of China. Chin J Epidemiol 4: 263 (in Chinese).
[90]
Bai ZJ, Peng YF, Lin LH, Tian XD, Chen CH, et al. (2000) Prevalence of human antibody to arbovirus in Guangdong and Hainan provinces. Chin J Zoonoses 16: 83–84 (in Chinese).
[91]
Zhang TS, Wang YM, Zhang YH, Duan S, et al. (1989) A survey of antibodies to arboviruses in residents of southwestern Yunnan province. Chin J Endemiology 10: 74–77 (in Chinese).
[92]
Hou ZL, Huang WL, Zi DY, Zhang HL, Shi HF (1992) Study of the serologic epidemiology of tick-borne viruses in Yunnan. Chin J Vector Biology and Control 3: 173–176 (in Chinese).
[93]
Tao SJ, Jiang ZY, Yin GQ, Chen R, Yang DR, et al. (1996) Detection of coltivirus antibody in sera of patients clinically diagnosed as Japanese Encephalitis. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 10: 247–250 (in Chinese).
[94]
Xu ZQ, Fu SH, Zhang YP, Li XL, Gao XY, et al. (2008) Lab detection of specimens collected from encephalitis patients in some regions of China. Chin J Exp Clin Virol 22: 98–100 (in Chinese).
[95]
Xu PT, Wang YM, Zuo JM, Che Y, Peng H, et al. (1990) Recovery of the same type of virus as human new orbivirus from sera of cattle and pigs collected in Yunnan province. Chin J Virol 6: 327–331 (in Chinese).
[96]
Attoui H, Mohd Jaafar F, Micco P, Lamballerie X (2005) Coltiviruses and Seadornaviruses in North America, Europe, and Asia. Emerge Infect Dis 11: 1673–1679. doi: 10.3201/eid1111.050868
