全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

The 2007 Rift Valley Fever Outbreak in Sudan

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001229

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a neglected, emerging, mosquito-borne disease with severe negative impact on human and animal health and economy. RVF is caused by RVF virus (RVFV) affecting humans and a wide range of animals. The virus is transmitted through bites from mosquitoes and exposure to viremic blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals. During 2007 a large RVF outbreak occurred in Sudan with a total of 747 confirmed human cases including 230 deaths (case fatality 30.8%); although it has been estimated 75,000 were infected. It was most severe in White Nile, El Gezira, and Sennar states near to the White Nile and the Blue Nile Rivers. Notably, RVF was not demonstrated in livestock until after the human cases appeared and unfortunately, there are no records or reports of the number of affected animals or deaths. Ideally, animals should serve as sentinels to prevent loss of human life, but the situation here was reversed. Animal contact seemed to be the most dominant risk factor followed by animal products and mosquito bites. The Sudan outbreak followed an unusually heavy rainfall in the country with severe flooding and previous studies on RVF in Sudan suggest that RVFV is endemic in parts of Sudan. An RVF outbreak results in human disease, but also large economic loss with an impact beyond the immediate influence on the directly affected agricultural producers. The outbreak emphasizes the need for collaboration between veterinary and health authorities, entomologists, environmental specialists, and biologists, as the best strategy towards the prevention and control of RVF.

 References

[1]  LaBeaud AD (2008) Why arboviruses can be neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2: e247. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000247.
[2]  Hotez PJ, Kamath A (2009) Neglected tropical diseases in sub-saharan Africa: review of their prevalence, distribution, and disease burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e412. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000412.
[3]  Flick R, Bouloy M (2005) Rift Valley fever virus. Curr Mol Med 5: 827–834. doi: 10.2174/156652405774962263
[4]  Pepin M, Bouloy M, Bird BH, Kemp A, Paweska J (2010) Rift Valley fever virus (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus): an update on pathogenesis, molecular epidemiology, vectors, diagnostics and prevention. Vet Res 41: 61. doi: 10.1051/vetres/2010033
[5]  Daubney R, Hudson JR (1931) Enzootic hepatitis or Rift Valley fever. An undescribed virus disease of sheep, cattle and man from East Africa. J Pathol Bacteriol 34: 545–579. doi: 10.1002/path.1700340418
[6]  Findlay GJ, Stefanopoulo GM, Mac Callum F (1936) Présence d'anticorps contre la fièvre de la vallée du Rift dans le sang des africains. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 29: 986–996.
[7]  Davies FG (2010) The historical and recent impact of Rift Valley fever in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 73–74. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.83s2a02
[8]  Balkhy HH, Memish ZA (2003) Rift Valley fever: an uninvited zoonosis in the Arabian peninsula. Int J Antimicrob Agents 21: 153–157. doi: 10.1016/S0924-8579(02)00295-9
[9]  WHO (2007) Rift Valley fever in Sudan - update 4, December 21. Global Alert and Response. Geneva: WHO.
[10]  WHO (2007) Rift Valley fever in Sudan - update, November 7. Global Alert and Response. Geneva: WHO.
[11]  Garang GD (2007) A press release on Rift Valley Fever disease in Sudan 10/11/2007. Khartoum: Federal Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries.
[12]  Anyamba A, Linthicum KJ, Small J, Britch SC, Pak E, et al. (2010) Prediction, assessment of the Rift Valley fever activity in East and Southern Africa 2006–2008 and possible vector control strategies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 43–51. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0289
[13]  Seufi AM, Galal FH (2010) Role of Culex and Anopheles mosquito species as potential vectors of rift valley fever virus in Sudan outbreak, 2007. BMC Infect Dis 10: 65. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-65
[14]  Adam AA, Karsany MS, Adam I (2010) Manifestations of severe Rift Valley fever in Sudan. Int J Infect Dis 14: e179–180. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2009.03.029
[15]  El Imam M, El Sabiq M, Omran M, Abdelkareem A, El Gaili Mohamed MA, et al. (2009) Acute renal failure associated with the Rift Valley Fever: a single center study. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 20: 1047–1052.
[16]  WHO (2008) Together for better health. A report on WHO collaborative programmes with the Government of Sudan and partners 2006–2007. WHO Sudan Biennial Report 2006–2007. Geneva: WHO. pp. 48–50.
[17]  Watts DM, el-Tigani A, Botros BA, Salib AW, Olson JG, et al. (1994) Arthropod-borne viral infections associated with a fever outbreak in the northern province of Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg 97: 228–230.
[18]  McCarthy MC, Haberberger RL, Salib AW, Soliman BA, El-Tigani A, et al. (1996) Evaluation of arthropod-borne viruses and other infectious disease pathogens as the causes of febrile illnesses in the Khartoum Province of Sudan. J Med Virol 48: 141–146. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199602)48:2<141::AID-JMV4>3.0.CO;2-9
[19]  Cooke FJ, Shapiro DS (2007) Rift Valley Fever in Sudan. Int J Inf Dis 12: 1–2.
[20]  Eisa M, Obeid HMA, El Sawi ASA (1977) Rift Valley fever in the Sudan. I. Results on field investigations of the first epizootic in Kosti District, 1973 Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 24: 343–347.
[21]  Eisa M, Obeid HMA (1977) Rift Valley fever in the Sudan. II. Isolation and identification of the virus from a recent epizootic in Kosti District, 1973. Bull Anim Health Prod Afr 24: 349–355.
[22]  Eisa M, Kheir el-Sid ED, Shomein AM, Meegan JM (1980) An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in the Sudan–1976. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 417–419. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(80)90122-4
[23]  Saleh AS, Mohammed KA, Hassan MM, Bucci TJ, Meegan JM (1981) Antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus in the human population of Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 129–130. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90039-0
[24]  Eisa M (1984) Preliminary survey of domestic animals of the Sudan for precipitating antibodies to Rift Valley fever virus. J Hyg (Lond) 93: 629–637. doi: 10.1017/S0022172400065207
[25]  Davies FG (1990) Rift Valley fever in the Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 84: 141. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(90)90410-G
[26]  Woodruff PW, Morrill JC, Burans JP, Hyams KC, Woody JN (1988) A study of viral and rickettsial exposure and causes of fever in Juba, southern Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82: 761–766. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(88)90229-5
[27]  Hassanain AM, Noureldien W, Karsany MS, Saeed el NS, Aradaib IE, et al. (2010) Rift Valley Fever among febrile patients at New Halfa hospital, eastern Sudan. Virol J 7: 97. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-97
[28]  OIE (2008) Annual Animal Health Report on the notification of the absence or presence of all diseases, OIE ref 33348, 25983, 24449, Report period Jan–Dec 2007. Country: Sudan. Paris: OIE.
[29]  Munyua P, Murithi RM, Wainwright S, Githinji J, Hightower A, et al. (2010) Rift Valley fever outbreak in livestock in Kenya, 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 58–64. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0292
[30]  Madani TA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, et al. (2003) Rift Valley fever epidemic in Saudi Arabia: epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. Clin Infect Dis 37: 1084–1092. doi: 10.1086/378747
[31]  Nguku PM, Sharif SK, Mutonga D, Amwayi S, Omolo J, et al. (2010) An investigation of a major outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Kenya: 2006–2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 5–13. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0288
[32]  Bird BH, Githinji JW, Macharia JM, Kasiiti JL, Muriithi RM, et al. (2008) Multiple virus lineages sharing recent common ancestry were associated with a Large Rift Valley fever outbreak among livestock in Kenya during 2006–2007. J Virol 82: 11152–11166. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01519-08
[33]  Al-Hazmi M, Ayoola EA, Abdurahman M, Banzal S, Ashraf J, et al. (2003) Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans. Clin Infect Dis 36: 245–252. doi: 10.1086/345671
[34]  Kahlon SS, Peters CJ, Leduc J, Muchiri EM, Muiruri S, et al. (2010) Severe Rift Valley fever may present with a characteristic clinical syndrome. Am J Trop Med Hyg 82: 371–375. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0669
[35]  Pettersson L, Boman J, Juto P, Evander M, Ahlm C (2008) Outbreak of Puumala virus infection, Sweden. Emerg Infect Dis 14: 808–810. doi: 10.3201/eid1405.071124
[36]  Anyangu AS, Gould LH, Sharif SK, Nguku PM, Omolo JO, et al. (2010) Risk factors for severe Rift Valley fever infection in Kenya, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 14–21. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0293
[37]  Brown JL, Dominik JW, Morrissey RL (1981) Respiratory infectivity of a recently isolated Egyptian strain of Rift Valley fever virus. Infect Immun 33: 848–853.
[38]  Chambers PG, Swanepoel R (1980) Rift valley fever in abattoir workers. Cent Afr J Med 26: 122–126.
[39]  McIntosh BM, Russell D, dos Santos I, Gear JH (1980) Rift Valley fever in humans in South Africa. S Afr Med J 58: 803–806.
[40]  Woods CW, Karpati AM, Grein T, McCarthy N, Gaturuku P, et al. (2002) An outbreak of Rift Valley fever in Northeastern Kenya, 1997–98. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 138–144. doi: 10.3201/eid0802.010023
[41]  Adam I, Karsany MS (2008) Case report: Rift Valley Fever with vertical transmission in a pregnant Sudanese woman. J Med Virol 80: 929. doi: 10.1002/jmv.21132
[42]  Arishi HM, Aqeel AY, Al Hazmi MM (2006) Vertical transmission of fatal Rift Valley fever in a newborn. Ann Trop Paediatr 26: 251–253. doi: 10.1179/146532806X120363
[43]  Theiler RN, Rasmussen SA, Treadwell TA, Jamieson DJ (2008) Emerging and zoonotic infections in women. Infect Dis Clin North Am 22: 755–772, vii– viii. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2008.05.007
[44]  WHO (2008) Rift Valley fever fact sheet. Weekly epidemiological record 83: 17–24.
[45]  Mohamed M, Mosha F, Mghamba J, Zaki SR, Shieh WJ, et al. (2010) Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of a Rift Valley fever outbreak in humans in Tanzania, 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 22–27. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0318
[46]  Moszynski P (2007) Flooding worsens in Sudan. BMJ 335: 175. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39283.476644.DB
[47]  FAO/GIEWS (2007) Floods cause damage in parts of several East African countries. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Global Information and Early Warning System. Global Watch, 5 September 2007. Rome: FAO/GIEWS.
[48]  Lautze J, McCartney M, Kirshen P, Olana D, Jayasinghe G, et al. (2007) Effect of a large dam on malaria risk: the Koka reservoir in Ethiopia. Trop Med Int Health 12: 982–989. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01878.x
[49]  Wilson ML (1994) Rift Valley fever virus ecology and the epidemiology of disease emergence. Ann N Y Acad Sci 740: 169–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19867.x
[50]  Digoutte JP, Peters CJ (1989) General aspects of the 1987 Rift Valley fever epidemic in Mauritania. Res Virol 140: 27–30. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2516(89)80081-0
[51]  Sang R, Kioko E, Lutomiah J, Warigia M, Ochieng C, et al. (2010) Rift Valley fever virus epidemic in Kenya, 2006/2007: the entomologic investigations. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 28–37. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0319
[52]  Gerdes GH (2004) Rift Valley fever. Rev Sci Tech 23: 613–623.
[53]  Davies FG, Linthicum KJ, James AD (1985) Rainfall and epizootic Rift Valley fever. Bull World Health Organ 63: 941–943.
[54]  Linthicum KJ, Davies FG, Kairo A, Bailey CL (1985) Rift Valley fever virus (family Bunyaviridae, genus Phlebovirus). Isolations from Diptera collected during an inter-epizootic period in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 95: 197–209. doi: 10.1017/S0022172400062434
[55]  Davies FG (1975) Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. J Hyg (Lond) 75: 219–230. doi: 10.1017/S0022172400047252
[56]  Turell MJ, Linthicum KJ, Beaman JR (1990) Transmission of Rift-Valley fever virus by adult mosquitos after ingestion of virus as larvae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43: 677–680.
[57]  Murithi RM, Munyua P, Ithondeka PM, Macharia JM, Hightower A, et al. (2010) Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts. Epidemiol Infect 1–9. doi: 10.1017/s0950268810001020
[58]  Evans A, Gakuya F, Paweska JT, Rostal M, Akoolo L, et al. (2008) Prevalence of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in Kenyan wildlife. Epidemiol Infect 136: 1261–1269. doi: 10.1017/S0950268807009806
[59]  Paweska JT, van Vuren PJ, Kemp A, Buss P, Bengis RG, et al. (2008) Recombinant nucleocapsid-based ELISA for detection of IgG antibody to Rift Valley fever virus in African buffalo. Vet Microbiol 127: 21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.031
[60]  Youssef BZ (2009) The potential role of pigs in the enzootic cycle of rift valley Fever at alexandria governorate, egyp. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 84: 331–344.
[61]  Youssef BZ, Donia HA (2002) The potential role of rattus rattus in enzootic cycle of Rift Valley Fever in Egypt 2-application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in blood samples of Rattus rattus. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 77: 133–141.
[62]  Domenech J, Lubroth J, Eddi C, Martin V, Roger F (2006) Regional and international approaches on prevention and control of animal transboundary and emerging diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1081: 90–107. doi: 10.1196/annals.1373.010
[63]  Aklilu Y, Irungu P, Reda A (2002) An audit of the livestock marketing status in Kenya, Ethiopia and Sudan. Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics. Organization of African Unity/Interafrican Bureau for Animal Resources.
[64]  Rich KM, Wanyoike F (2010) An assessment of the regional and national socio-economic impacts of the 2007 Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 52–57. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0291
[65]  Dehove A (2010) One world, one health. Transbound Emerg Dis 57: 3–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01125.x
[66]  Jost CC, Nzietchueng S, Kihu S, Bett B, Njogu G, et al. (2010) Epidemiological assessment of the Rift Valley fever outbreak in Kenya and Tanzania in 2006 and 2007. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 65–72. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0290
[67]  Consultative group for RVF decision support (2010) Decision-support tool for prevention and control of Rift Valley fever epizootics in the Greater Horn of Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 83: 75–85. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.83s2a03
[68]  Abdel Aziz MA (2008) Rift Valley Fever: The story unfolds…. Sudanese Journal of Public Health 3: 5–10.
[69]  LaBeaud AD, Kazura JW, King CH (2010) Advances in Rift Valley fever research: insights for disease prevention. Curr Opin Infect Dis 23: 403–408. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833c3da6
[70]  Bouloy M, Flick R (2009) Reverse genetics technology for Rift Valley fever virus: current and future applications for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Antiviral Res 84: 101–118. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.08.002
[71]  Naslund J, Lagerqvist N, Habjan M, Lundkvist A, Evander M, et al. (2009) Vaccination with virus-like particles protects mice from lethal infection of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Virology 385: 409–415. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.012
[72]  Kortekaas J, de Boer SM, Kant J, Vloet RP, Antonis AF, et al. (2010) Rift Valley fever virus immunity provided by a paramyxovirus vaccine vector. Vaccine 28: 4394–4401. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.048
[73]  OIE (2007) Rift Valley fever, Sudan. Follow-up report No. 2 (30/12/2007).
[74]  WHO (2008) Rift Valley fever in Sudan - update 5, January 22. Global Alert and Response.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133