Medindo a temperatura de um gás no regime de micro-Kelvin

scientific development allows us to work today with gas at temperatures far below the 10-6 k . these gases are obtained by optical cooling techniques and need to be characterized for their thermodynamic properties. among these properties is the temperature measurement. we show in a tutorial how low temperatures are measured using techniques called time of flight. these techniques combine basic knowledge of mechanics, thermodynamics, among other topics conventionally studied in the basic physics course.