A study was conducted in Kaduna State Nigeria to ascertain the impact of Drug Supply and laboratory services towards effective functioning of DOTS system. Six DOTS providing centres were identified for the study and in each centre, three respondents were selected based on their profession, the Medical Officer, the Pharmacist and the Laboratory Technician totaling 18. The officers were interviewed for the purpose of the research. Semi structured Interviews were conducted in this research as a means of obtaining Health workers perspective. The Interview which was conducted in their respective work station was open ended and all questions are same for all respondents. During the course of the study, all respondents agreed that the sources of drugs supply to their respective centres was the Kaduna State Tuberculosis and leprosy control Program office from the state capital and that drugs are been supplied quarterly and are adequate with slight interruption due to Logistic while for Laboratory services the respondents were of the view that there is the need to improve on it as there are cases of shortage of reagents and erratic supply of Electricity for effective Laboratory functioning.
References
[1]
WHO (2010) World Health Organisation 2010 Tuberculosis Factsheet.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/
[2]
Martins, N. (2008) Qualitative Study of Barriers to and Enabling Factors for Tuberculosis Treatment Adherence in Timor Leste. Public Lecture University of Sydney.
http://sydney.edu.au/global-health/images/content/news/TB_Presentantion.pdf
[3]
Obermeyer, Z., Abbott-Klafter, J. Christopher, J. and Murray, L. (2008) Has the DOTS Strategy Improved Case Finding or Treatment Success? An Empirical Assessment. PLoS ONE, 3, e1721. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001721
[4]
World Health Organisation Report (2004) Global Report on Tuberculosis.
http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/archive/en/
[5]
Itah, A.Y. and Udofia, S.M. (2005) Epidemiology and Endemicity of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) in Southeastern Nigeria. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Med Public Health, 36, 317-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15916036
[6]
Cosivi, O., Grange, J.M., Daborn, C.J., Raviglione, M.C., Fujikura, T., Cousins, D., Robinson, R.A., Huchzermeyer, H.F.A.K.., de Kantor, I. and Meslin, F.X. (1998) Zoonotic Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4, 59-70.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627667/pdf/9452399.pdf
[7]
Murray, C.J.L., Styblo, K. and Rovillan, A. (1990) Tuberculosis in Developing Countries: Burdens, Interventions and Costs. Bulletin of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 65, 6-24.
[8]
Beith, A., Eichler, R and Weil, D. (2009) Worldwide: Incentives for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment. In: Eichler, R., Ed., Performance Incentives for Global Health: Potential and Pitfalls, Levine and the Working Group on Performance-Based Incentives, Center for Global Development, Washington DC.
[9]
Ananthakrishan, R., Jeyaraj, A., Plani, G. and Sathiyasekaran, B.W.C. (2012) Socioeconomic Impact of TB on Patients Registered within RNTCP and Their Families in the Year 2007 in Chennai, India. Lung India, 29, 221-226.
http://www.lungindia.com/article.asp?issn=0970-2113;year=2012;volume=29;issue=3;spage=221;
epage=226;aulast=Ananthakrishnan
[10]
Anonymous (2011) University of Liverpool Lecture Notes 2011.
[11]
Gidado, M. and Ejembi, C.L. (2009) Tuberculosis Case Management and Treatment Outcome: Assessment of the Effectiveness of Public-Private Mix of Tuberculosis Programme in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine, 8, 25-31.
http://www.annalsafrmed.org/text.asp?2009/8/1/25/55760
https://doi.org/10.4103/1596-
3519.55760
[12]
Awofeso, N. (1998) Implementing Tuberculosis Control Program in Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 24, 336-337.
[13]
USAID (2011) USAID/NIGERIA: HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis.
http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdacp977.pdf
[14]
Atkinson, P., Coffey, A., Delamont, S., Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. (Eds.) (2001) Handbook of Ethnography. Sage, London. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608337
[15]
Griffiths, F. (1996) Qualitative Research: The Research Questions It Can Help Answer, the Methods It Uses, the Assumptions behind the Research Questions and What Influences the Direction of Research. A Summary of the Panel Discussion at the Conference “Exploring Qualitative Research in General Practice”. Family Practice, 13, S27-S30.
[16]
Samdahl, D.M. (1999) Epistemological and Methodological Issues in Leisure Studies. In: Jackson, E.J. and Burton, T.L., Eds., Leisure Studies: Prospects for the Twenty-First Century, Venture Publ., State College, 119-133.
[17]
Marshall, N. (1996) Sampling Foe Qualitative Research. Family Practice, 13, 522-525. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/13.6.522
[18]
Halcomb, E.J. and Andrew, S. (2005) Triangulation as a Method for Contemporary Nursing Research. Nurse Researcher, 13, 71-25.
[19]
Anonymous (2006) National Population Census Publication. National Population Commission, Abuja.
[20]
Nguyen, T.A., Oosterhoff, P., Pham, N.Y., Hardon, A. and Wright, P. (2009) Health Workers’ View on Quality of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission and Postnatal Care for HIV-Infected Women and Their Children. Human Resources for Health, 7, 39. http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/7/1/39
https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-7-39
[21]
WHO (2008) Global Tuberculosis Control-Surveillance, Planning and Financing. World Health Organisation, Geneva.
http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/en/
[22]
Woolf, R., Salanipoli, F.M.L. and Kemp, J.R. (2006) Can District-Level Tuberculosis Case-Finding in Malawi Improved? A Qualitative Study of Health Worker Perspective in Dedza District. Malawi Medical Journal, 18, 66-71.
http://www.ajol.info/index.php/mmj/article/view/10912/37706
[23]
Suri, A., Gan, K. and Carpenter, S. (2007) Voices from the Field: Perspective from Community Health Workers on Health Care Delivery in Rural Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 196, S505-S511.
http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/196/Supplement_3/S505.full
https://doi.org/10.1086/521122
[24]
Kvale, S. (1996) InterViews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[25]
Litva, A. and Jacoby, A. (2002) Qualitative Methods and Evidence-Based Practice. In: Craig, J. and Smyth, R., Eds., The Evidence Based Practice Manual for Nurses, Elsevier Science, Edinburgh, 136-163.
[26]
Hill, C.E., Knox, S., Thompson, B.J., Williams, E.N., Hess, S.A. and Ladany, N. (2005) Consensual Qualitative Research: An Update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 196-205. http://tcp.sagepub.com/content/35/2/209.abstract
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.2.196
[27]
Turner, D.W. (2010) Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators. The Qualitative Report, 15, 754-760.
http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR15-3/qid.pdf
[28]
Boyce, C. and Neale, P. (2006) Conducting In-Depth Interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews for Evaluation.
http://www2.pathfinder.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf
[29]
McNamara, C. (2009) General Guidelines for Conducting Interviews.
http://managementhelp.org/evaluatn/intrview.htm
[30]
Pope, C. and Mays, N. (1995) Qualitative Research: Reaching the Parts Other Methods Cannot Reach: An Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Health and Health Services Research. British Medical Journal, 311, 42-45.
[31]
Anonymous (2009) What Is Ethics? Markkula Centre for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara.
http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics.html
[32]
Catherine Pope and Nick Mays (1995) Qualitative Research: Reaching the Parts Other Methods Cannot Reach: An Introduction to Qualitative Methods in Health and Health Services Research. BMJ, 311, 42-45.
[33]
Richards, H.M. and Schwarz, L.J. (2002) Ethics of Qualitative Research: Are There Special Issues for Health Service Research? Family Practice, 19, 135-139.
[34]
Green, J. and Thorogood, N. (2009) Qualitative Methods for Health Research. 2nd Edition, Sage, London.
[35]
Anonymous ( 2011) University of Liverpool Lecture Notes 2011.
[36]
Halcomb, E.J. and Davidson, P.M. (2006) Is Verbatim Transcription of Interview Data Always Necessary? Applied Nursing Research, 19, 38-42.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2005.06.001
[37]
MacLean, L.M., Meyer, M. and Estable, A. (2004) Improving Accuracy of Transcripts in Qualitative Research. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 113-123.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732303259804
[38]
Wengraf, T. (2001) Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narrative and Semi-Structured Methods. Sage Publications, London, 7.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781849209717
[39]
Bailey, J. (2008) First Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis: Transcribing.
http://fampra.oxfordjournals.org/
[40]
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[41]
Ilodigwe, E.E. (2002) Optimising Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course Strategy in Nigeria. Nigerian Quarterly Journal of Hospital Medicine, 13, 36-39.
[42]
WHO (2004) Global Tuberculosis Control, Surveillence, Planning, Financing. World Health Organisation Report.
http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/archive/en/
[43]
Bello, S.I. (2010) Challenges of DOTS Implementation Strategy in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Tertiary Health Institution, Ilorin, Nigeria. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4, 158-164. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp
[44]
Akanbi, M.O. and Ukoli, C.O. (2009) Are Weak Health Systems a Brewing Ground for Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis? African Journal of Respiratory Medicine, 5, 21-22.
http://www.africanjournalofrespiratorymedicine.com/articles/september_2009/Are%20weak%20
health%20systems%20a%20brewing%20ground%20for%20multi-drug-resistant%20
tuberculosis.pdf
[45]
WHO (2009) World Health Organization, Stop TB Partnership Retooling Task Force, Stop TB Partnership New Diagnostics Working Group. New Laboratory Diagnostic Tools for Tuberculosis Control.
http://www.stoptb.org/wg/new_diagnostics/
[46]
Erah, P.O. and Ojieabu, W.A. (2009) Success of the Control of Tuberculosis in Nigeria: A Review. International Journal of Health Research, 2, 3-14.
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhr/issue/view/7340
[47]
NTBL (2008) Annual Reports of NTBL Centre Zaria.
http://www.ntbltc.org/reports/annual%20report%20NTBLTC%20Zaria%202008.pdf
[48]
Dimitrova, B., Balabanova, D., Atun, R., Drobieweski, F., Levichiva, V. and Cooker, R. (2006) Health Service Providers’ Per-ceptions of Barriers to Tuberculosis Care in Russia. Health Policy Plan, 21, 265-274.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728512
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czl014
[49]
Ige, O.M. and Oladukun, R.E. (2011) Treatment Outcome of Newly Diagnosed Sputum Positive Adult Tuberculosis Cases in the Context of HIV Infection. Journal of Infectious Disease and Immunity, 3, 210-217.
http://www.academicjournals.org/JIDI
[50]
Naidoo, P. (2009) Public Health Care Practitioner’s Reflection on Tuberculosis Patients Perspectives on Factors Influencing Their Adherence to the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse. The Open Public Health Journal, 2, 33-38.
[51]
Khan, M.A., Walley, J.D., Witter, S.N., Imran, A. and Safdar, N. (2002) Cost and Cost-Effectiveness for the Different DOTS Strategy for the Treatment of Tuberculosis in Pakistan. Health Policy Plan, 17, 178-186.
http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/2/178.short
https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/17.2.178
[52]
Ajay, T., Christopher, J., Murray, L., Jeremy, A.L. and David, B.E. (2000) Measuring Overall Health System Performance for 191 Countries. GPE Discussion Paper Series No. 30, EIP/GPE/EQC World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/paper30.pdf