In modern life and production, there exists a global energy crisis, an increasing demand for advanced medical services, and a need to integrate and miniaturize industrial products. The applications based on conventional actuators struggle to cope with crises and growing demands due to their low resolution. To address the above issues, researchers have been working on and developing the excellent properties of piezoelectric materials since the discovery of the piezoelectric effect. Nowadays, piezoelectric actuators (PEAs), which are based on piezoelectric materials, have become widely utilized in energy harvesting, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), biomedicine and other fields. The control accuracy of PEAs in applications is limited by the inherent hysteresis nonlinearity, which poses a challenge to their applications. Researchers are working on PEAs and their hysteresis models to better serve humans with PEAs. This paper reviews typical applications and classifications of PEAs, typical hysteresis models, and classifications. At the end of the paper, we summarize the steps of the selective hysteresis modelling of PEAs and indicate the critical points of the hysteresis modelling and future research directions. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of classical hysteresis models and PEAs, which is expected to benefit researchers in the field of piezoelectric applications and efficient hysteresis modelling.
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