全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

Analysis of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Loyalty in the Egyptian Hypermarkets Sector

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1110274, PP. 1-21

Subject Areas: Business Management

Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Loyalty, Trust, Brand Image, Satisfaction, Hypermarkets, Egypt

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Hypermarkets have experienced an increasingly growing and competitive market in the recent past including many multinational and local companies all battling to achieve customer loyalty. Thus their condition has necessitated the development of new models that have modernized elements. Businesses all around the globe are recognizing the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in their survival and development (Cuesta-Valiño et al., 2019). The current study seeks to add information on the impact of CSR activities on improving trust and brand image, and simultaneously investigate the impact of these variables on customer satisfaction and loyalty. To accomplish this objective, a causal framework was developed and tested using a structured e-survey. The questionnaire was collected from a sample of 539 customers (of which 350 were valid responses) in hypermarkets in Egypt. An analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Structural Equational Modeling (SEM) tests revealed that ethical, philanthropic, and economic CSR activities carried out by the hypermarket significantly impacted brand image, while only ethical and legal responsibilities had a direct and substantial influence on customer trust. Finally, it was revealed that trust and image impact customer satisfaction and eventually lead to loyalty. To sum up, these findings support CSR’s indirect effect on customer loyalty, which is intervened by these relational variables. As a result, in the context of hypermarkets, CSR is a crucial method for creating a long-term consumer-company connection.

Cite this paper

Naguib, N. H. , Saghier, N. M. E. and Eman, N. M. (2023). Analysis of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Loyalty in the Egyptian Hypermarkets Sector. Open Access Library Journal, 10, e274. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1110274.

References

[1]  Ardito, L., Carrillo-Hermosilla, J., del Río, J. and Pontrandolfo, P. (2018) The Impact of Business Model Innovation on the Performance of Hypermarkets: The Moderating Role of Environmental Uncertainty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 43, 199-209.
[2]  Porter, M.E. and Kramer, M.R. (2006) Strategy and Society: The Link between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility. Harvard Business Review, 84, 78-92.
[3]  Brick, A. (2011) The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 102, 275-286.
[4]  El-Garaihy, M., El-Said, M. and Khalifa, A. (2014) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Trust and Brand Image. Journal of Business Research, 67, 2259-2266.
[5]  Carroll, A.B. and Brown, J.A. (2018) Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of the Literature and Research Agenda. Business & Society, 57, 87-136.
[6]  Sen, S. and Bhattacharya, C.B. (2001) Does Doing Good Always Lead to Doing Well? Linking Corporate Social Responsibility to Shareholder Value. The Journal of Marketing, 65, 22-38.
[7]  Maignan, I. and Ferrell, O.C. (2004) Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing: An Integrative Framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070303258971
[8]  McGuire, J.W. (1963) Business and Society. McGraw-Hill, New York.
[9]  Carroll, A.B. (1979) A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Social Performance. Academy of Management Review, 4, 497-505. https://doi.org/10.2307/257850
[10]  Jamali, D. and Mirshak, R. (2007) A Conceptual Framework of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): A Step towards a Comprehensive Theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 241-256.
[11]  Freeman, R.E. and Hasnaoui, M. (2011) Stakeholder Theory: A Unified Conception of the Corporation and Its Relationship to Society. Academy of Management Perspectives, 25, 96-109.
[12]  Mackenzie, S.B. and Peters, T.J. (2014) Stakeholder Theory: A Research Agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 122, 541-558.
[13]  Moon, J. (2002) The Contribution of Stakeholder Theory to Social Theory. The Academy of Management Review, 27, 414-429.
[14]  Rowley, T. and Berman, S. (2000) A Brand New Brand of Corporate Social Performance. Business & Society, 39, 397-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765030003900404
[15]  Bowen, H.R. (1953) Social Responsibility of the Businessman. Harper & Row, New York.
[16]  Davis, K. (1973) The Case for and against Business Assumption of Social Responsibilities. Academy of Management Journal, 16, 312-322.
[17]  Carroll, A.B. (1999) Corporate Social Responsibility: Evolution of a Definitional Construct. Business & Society, 38, 268-295. https://doi.org/10.1177/000765039903800303
[18]  Nicolau, J. (2008) Customer Loyalty in the Retail Industry: A Literature Review. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 15, 272-282.
[19]  Carroll, A. (1991) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34, 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
[20]  McWilliams, A. and Siegel, D. (2001) Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26, 117-127. https://doi.org/10.2307/259398
[21]  Hillenbrand, C. and Money, K. (2007) A Framework for Understanding and Managing Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 185-198.
[22]  Carroll, A.B. and Shabana, K.M. (2010) The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12, 85-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00275.x
[23]  Kemper, T.M., Knoll, J. and Pinkse, J. (2013) The Role of Social Responsibility in Corporate Identity Formation: A Consumer Perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 539-552.
[24]  Gjolberg, M. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 11, 1-19.
[25]  Pinkston, T.J. and Carroll, A.B. (1994) Corporate Social Responsibility as a Competitive Advantage. Business Horizons, 37, 74-80.
[26]  Edmondson, A.C. and Carroll, A.B. (1999) Organizational Learning and Response to Environmental Change: Toward a Theory of Organizational Learning in Response to Societal Demands. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 585-603.
[27]  Burton, B.S., Doane, D. and Vogel, D. (2000) The Corporation and the Environment: Twenty-Five Years of Communication. Business and Society, 39, 3-27.
[28]  Visser, W. (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature. Business & Society, 48, 516-539.
[29]  Quazi, A.M. and O’Brien, D.P. (2000) The Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Shareholder Wealth: A Test of the Stakeholder Theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 25, 241-256.
[30]  Mwaura, M.N. (2004) An Investigation of the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Financial Performance in Kenya. Journal of Business Ethics, 54, 147-157.
[31]  Reed, D.L. (2002) The Social Responsibility of Business and the Good Society. Journal of Business Ethics, 36, 225-237.
[32]  Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman, Boston.
[33]  Lantos, G.P. (2001) The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 32, 155-179.
[34]  Walsh, J.P. (2005) Talking about Ethics: The Role of Language in Shaping the Discourse of Corporate Social Responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15, 471-498.
[35]  Davis, F.J. (1960) A Conceptual Analysis of Deviance. American Sociological Review, 25, 447-456.
[36]  Ding, Y., Li, Y. and Zhang, J. (2020) A Survey on Deep Reinforcement Learning. arXiv: 2002.04088.
[37]  Qiu, Z., Chen, X. and Liu, Y. (2021) A Survey on Deep Reinforcement Learning for Natural Language Processing. arXiv: 2101.08237.
[38]  Dwidienawati, D., Kusuma, D.A., Kartini, H. and Wijaya, J.J. (2022) Do Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction Influence Brand Loyalty? International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research, 33, 1-12.
[39]  Hea, H. and Harris, L. (2020) The Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing Philosophy. Journal of Business Research, 116, 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.030
[40]  Levy, M. (1959) Symbols for Sale. Harvard Business Review, 37, 117-124.
[41]  Nguyen, N. and Leblanc, G. (2001) Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation in Customers’ Retention Decisions in Services. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 8, 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(00)00029-1
[42]  Worcester, R. (2009) Brand Image: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Market Research, 51, 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530905100508
[43]  Arendt, S. and Malte, S. (2010) The Role of Brand Image in Consumer Behavior. Journal of Brand Management, 17, 341-354.
[44]  Kotler, P. (2006) Marketing Management. 12th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
[45]  Zeithaml, V.A. and Bitner, M.J. (2011) Services Marketing: Integrating Customer Focus across the Firm. 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
[46]  Patrick, V.M. (2002) Trust in the Buyer-Seller Relationship. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17, 177-188.
[47]  Rotter, J.B. (1967) A New Scale for the Measurement of Interpersonal Trust. Journal of Personality, 35, 651-665. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x
[48]  Rousseau, D.M., Sitkin, S.B., Burt, R.S. and Camerer, C. (1998) Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View of Trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393-404. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1998.926617
[49]  Colquitt, J.A., Scott, B.A. and LePine, J.A. (2007) Trust in and Trustworthiness of Others: A Meta-Analysis of Social Science Research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 909-927. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.909
[50]  Moorman, C., Zaltman, G. and Deshpandé, R. (1992) Relationships between Providers and Users of Market Research: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Marketing Research, 29, 314-329.
[51]  Morgan, R.M. and Hunt, S.D. (1994) The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58, 20-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800302
[52]  Ganesan, S. (1994) Determinants of Long-Term Orientation in Buyer-Seller Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 58, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800201
[53]  Ganesan, S. and Hess, R. (1997) Relationship Marketing in the Era of Information Technology. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25, 309-320.
[54]  Giese, J.L. and Cote, J.A. (2000) Defining Customer Satisfaction. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1, 1-19.
[55]  Oliver, R.L. (1980) A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 460-469. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700405
[56]  Engel, J.F., Blackwell, R.D. and Miniard, P.W. (1990) Consumer Behavior. 6th Edition, Dryden Press, Chicago.
[57]  Anderson, E.W., Fornell, C. and Lehmann, D.R. (1994) Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings from Sweden. Journal of Marketing, 58, 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299405800304
[58]  Kotler, P. (2003) Marketing Management. 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
[59]  Maxwell, M., van Trijp, H.C.M. and van Ittersum, K. (2010) Customer Satisfaction in Hypermarkets: A Study of Indian Consumers. Journal of Retailing, 86, 419-434.
[60]  Ajzen, I. (1985) Attitudes, Intentions, and Behavior. In: Higgins, J.E.T. and Sorrentino, R.W., Eds., Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Guilford Press, New York, 173-211.
[61]  Ajzen, I. (2011) The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 110, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
[62]  Lee, S.Y., Yeh, C.C., Chang, C.H., Tsai, C.C. and Yu, C.H. (2022) The Theory of Planned Behavior as a Framework for Understanding Customer Loyalty in the Restaurant Industry. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 55, Article ID: 102573.
[63]  Ajzen, I. (2001) Nature and Operation of Attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27-58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
[64]  Froehle, C.M. and Roth, A.V. (2004) The Service-Profit Chain: Linking Customer Satisfaction to Employee Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty, and Financial Performance. Journal of Marketing, 68, 71-82.
[65]  Verbeke, W. and Vackier, C. (2005) The Impact of Consumer Ethnocentrism and Perceived Behavioral Control on Purchase Intention of Organic Food Products. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 4, 195-207.
[66]  Ajzen, I. (1991) The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
[67]  Taylor, S.E. and Todd, P.A. (1995) Understanding the Determinants of Perceived Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, Article 810.
[68]  Oliver, R.L. (1999) Whence Consumer Loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222429990634s105
[69]  Foster, G. and Cadogan, J. (2000) Customer Loyalty: A Review and Research aGenda. Journal of Marketing Management, 16, 19-33.
[70]  Yoo, B. and Chang, H.J. (2005) The Impact of Customer Satisfaction and Switching Barriers on Customer Loyalty: Moderating Role of Switching Costs. Journal of Retailing, 81, 139-152.
[71]  Kotler, P. and Keller, K.L. (2012) Marketing Management. 14th Edition, Pearson Education, London.
[72]  Cool, K. (2007) Customer Loyalty: The Retail Manager’s Guide to Customer Retention and Lifetime Value. Kogan Page Publishers, London.
[73]  Chen, C.Y. (2008) The Impact of Customer Loyalty on the Performance of Hypermarkets in Taiwan. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 15, 302-309.
[74]  Lehdonvirta, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P. and Blank, G. (2020) Social Media, Web, and Panel Surveys: Using Non-Probability Samples in Social and Policy Research. Policy & Internet, 13, 134-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.238
[75]  Servera-Frances, E. and Arteaga-Moreno, D. (2015) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 127, 177-192.
[76]  Valiño, J., Rodríguez, M.A. and Barriopedro, D. (2019) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Loyalty in Hypermarkets: A New Socially Responsible Strategy. Sustainability, 11, Article 123.
[77]  Deegan, C. (2002) Introduction: The Legitimizing Role of Corporate Social Disclosures. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15, 288-312.
[78]  Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Parmar, B.L. and de Colle, S. (2000) Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[79]  Martínez, I.A., Martínez, J.A. and del Bosque, I.R. (2014) The Mediating Role of Brand Image in the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 67, 151-157.
[80]  Hemdi, M. and Othman, R. (2013) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Retention. Journal of Business Ethics, 116, 563-579.
[81]  Mohr, L.A. and Webb, D.J. (2005) The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility and Price on consumer Response. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 39, 121-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2005.00006.x
[82]  Polonsky, M.J. and Jevons, T. (2006) The Development of Corporate Social Responsibility in Australia: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Business Ethics, 68, 177-191.
[83]  Abbasi, S., Aghakhani, H., Azizi, S., Peikanpour, M. and Mehralian, G. (2022) Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Loyalty during the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Pharmacy Practice. Social Responsibility Journal, 19, 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2021-0243
[84]  Du, S., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Sen, S. (2007) The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Strengthening Multiple Stakeholder Relationships: Insights from the Banking Industry. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 195-209.
[85]  Pivato, G., De Massis, A. and Kotler, P. (2008) The Strategic Levers of Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 81, 285-296.
[86]  Osterhus, T. (1997) The Strategic Implications of Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 16, 1275-1284.
[87]  Andreassen, T.W. and Lindestad, B. (1997) Customer Loyalty and Perceived Value: A Structural Equation Model. Journal of Retailing, 73, 107-128.
[88]  Bloemer, J.J.A., De Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M.G.M. (1998) The Impact of Perceived Service Quality on Consumer Satisfaction, Trust, and Switching Intentions in a Durable-Goods Service Setting. Journal of Retailing, 74, 139-156.
[89]  Andreassen, T.W. and Lindestad, B. (1998) The Effect of Image on Customer Loyalty. Journal of Service Research, 1, 7-18.
[90]  Cretu, A. and Brodie, R.J. (2007) The Influence of Brand Image on Consumer Loyalty. Journal of Retailing, 83, 31-45.
[91]  Ryu, K., Han, S.H. and Kim, Y. (2008) The Effects of Brand Image, Perceived Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Brand Loyalty: An Empirical Examination of the Luxury Brand Market in China. Journal of Business Research, 61, 1276-1286.
[92]  Lai, C.H. and Zaichkowsky, J.L. (2009) The Impact of Brand Image and Brand Loyalty on Purchase Intention: The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 62, 1362-1369.
[93]  Sanzo, M.J., Santos, M.L., Vázquez, R. and álvarez, L.I. (2003) The Effect of Market Orientation on Buyer-Seller Relationship Satisfaction. Industrial Marketing Management, 32, 327-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(01)00200-0
[94]  Lin, C. and Wang, Y. (2006) The Impact of Trust and Commitment on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Context of E-Service. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 7, 157-171.
[95]  Chiou, Y. and Pan, Y. (2009) The Impact of Trust and Commitment on Customer Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention in the Context of Mobile Commerce. Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 1787-1794.
[96]  Ercis, A., Cavusgil, S.T. and Ozturk, M. (2012) The Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction on the Relationship between Trust and Loyalty in the Context of Mobile Commerce. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 10, 153-175.
[97]  Chang, C.L. and Wu, C.H. (2012) The Impact of Trust and Commitment on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Context of Mobile Commerce. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 464-470.
[98]  Gul, S. (2014) The Impact of Trust and Commitment on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Context of Mobile Commerce. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21, 692-698.
[99]  Bloemer, J. and Kasper, G. (1995) The Impact of Perceived Service Quality on Consumer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Moderating Role of Switching Costs. Journal of Retailing, 71, 139-156.
[100]  McDougall, G.H.G. and Levesque, T. (2000) Customer Satisfaction with E-Commerce: An Empirical Examination. Journal of Retailing, 76, 351-375.
[101]  Lewis, B.R. (2004) Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: The Relationship between Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention in a Business-to-Business Context. Journal of Business Research, 57, 135-143.
[102]  Chang, H.C. and Tu, C.C. (2005) The Impact of Customer Satisfaction and Switching Costs on Customer Loyalty: Evidence from the Mobile Telecommunications Industry. Telecommunications Policy, 29, 583-595.
[103]  Li, Y. and Green, T.C. (2011) The Impact of Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction on Customer Loyalty: Evidence from the Restaurant Industry in China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30, 570-578.
[104]  Selnes, F. (1993) Relationship Commitment as a Customer Retention Mechanism. Journal of Marketing, 57, 117-128.
[105]  Baker, D.A. and Crompton, J.L. (2000) Quality, Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: The Tourism Experience. Tourism Management, 21, 9-23.
[106]  Olsen, M.D. and Johnson, D.R. (2003) The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction, Behavioral Intentions and Loyalty in the Hotel Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 22, 273-288.
[107]  Yoon, Y. and Uysal, M. (2005) The Role of Destination Image and Satisfaction on Behavioral Intentions: Moderating Effect of Prior Experience. Tourism Management, 26, 1119-1132.
[108]  Mao, Z. (2010) The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty: Evidence from the Chinese Restaurant Industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29, 599-606.
[109]  Homburg, C. and Giering, A. (2001) The Customer Orientation of Service Providers: Measurement and Impact on Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Marketing, 65, 81-96.
[110]  Wong, A. and Zhou, K. (2006) The Mediating Effect of Customer Satisfaction on the Relationship between Perceived Service Quality and Customer Loyalty in the Chinese Banking Industry. Journal of Services Marketing, 20, 33-45.
[111]  Consuegra, A. and del Bosque, I.R. (2007) The Relationship between Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in the Spanish Mobile Telecommunications Industry. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18, 169-189.
[112]  Carroll, A.B. (2010) The Four Faces of Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 97, 279-287.
[113]  Winters, L. (1986) Consumer Perceptions of Retail Store Image: An Application of Symbolic Analysis. Journal of Retailing, 62, 7-27.
[114]  Barich, H. and Kotler, P. (1991) A Framework for Marketing Image Management. MIT Sloan Management Review, 32, 94-104.
[115]  Ranaweera, J. and Prabhu, J.C. (2003) Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty in E-Commerce: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Examination. Journal of Business Research, 56, 1439-1450.
[116]  Kaur, J. and Soch, P. (2012) Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: A Study of Indian Consumers. Journal of Business Ethics, 105, 567-579.
[117]  Martínez, I. and del Bosque, I.R. (2013) Does Corporate Social Responsibility Lead to Customer Loyalty? A Study of the Mediating Role of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 117, 535-548.
[118]  Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. and Sarstedt, M. (2016) A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks.
[119]  Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L. and Black, W.C. (1998) Multivariate Data Analysis. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
[120]  Chin, W.W. (1998) The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Marketing Research, 35, 187-203.
[121]  Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981) Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
[122]  Nunnally, J.C. (1978) Psychometric Theory. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York.
[123]  Nwaneri, O.C. (2015) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Performance: Evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 155-166.
[124]  Lee, S.M. and Jung, J. (2016) The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Performance: Evidence from Korea. Sustainability, 8, Article 14.
[125]  Swandari, R. and Sadikin, A. (2016) Corporate Social Responsibility and Firm Performance: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Business Ethics, 138, 381-393.
[126]  Bajic, I. and Yurtoglu, B. (2018) The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Firm Performance: Evidence from Emerging Markets. Journal of Business Ethics, 147, 185-200.
[127]  Noudoostbeni, M., Kaurand, R. and Jenatabadi, M. (2018) The Mediating Effect of Customer Satisfaction on the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Customer Loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 45, 17-25.

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413