Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Objective: To study the epidemiological aspects and the etiological factors of prematurity. Material and Methods: A retrospective study about the newborn with prematurity and hospitalized in the neonatal and neonatal resuscitation department of the Mohammed VI university hospital during the period was from January 2019 to December 2019. Results: 585 newborns were collected including 110 premature newborns (18.8%). The average gestational age was 30.4 weeks, with a predominance of the age group between 28 weeks and 31.6 weeks (36%), a male predominance was noted (65%). Cesarean in 32.5% of cases. The low socio-economic level is reported in 68.2% of cases, the low level of education in 60% of cases, 55.4% of mothers live in rural areas. Pregnancies were only well followed in 38.1%. The main causes of prematurity: maternal-fetal infections in 30% of cases, the medical decision in 23% of cases, and twin pregnancy in 20% of cases. Premature rupture of the membranes was responsible for 15% of the cases. No cause was detected in 12% of cases. Respiratory distress, asphyxia and prematurity were the main causes of transfer. The associated pathologies were distress respiratory in 40% of cases, maternal-fetal infection in 30% of cases, hypotrophy in 20% of cases, and jaundice in 8% of cases. Death occurred in 40% of cases. Conclusion: Several etiological factors associated with prematurity were identified. Tackling these factors is an effective way to prevent prematurity in our low-income countries, the medical decision in 23% of cases, and twin pregnancy in 20% of cases. Premature rupture of the membranes was responsible for 15% of the cases. No cause was detected in 12% of cases. Respiratory distress, asphyxia and prematurity were the main causes of transfer. The associated pathologies were distress respiratory in 40% of cases, maternal-fetal infection in 30% of cases, hypotrophy in 20% of cases, and jaundice in 8% of cases. Death occurred in 40% of cases.
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