The problem of over dependence on foreign raw materials such as Carboxylmethyl cellulose for Nigerian industries has been a big threat to the country’s economy. In order to curtail the menace, this work aims at the production of Carboxylmethyl cellulose which serves as a thickening agent, emulsifier, stabilizer, extender etc. from palm kernel de-oiled cake. Palm kernel de-oiled cake was converted to Carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC), a derivative of cellulose by two reaction steps, mercerization and etherification. Some quality control parameters were assayed on the produced CMC. Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to characterize the produced Carboxylmethyl cellulose and the commercial grade CMC as control. Paint formed using CMC was assessed in terms of viscosity, pH, and compared with paint formed using commercial CMC. Carboxylmethyl cellulose is a highly specific substrate for the endo-acting cellulase and its catalytic product (glucose) was assayed using a simple reducing sugar assay such as 3,5-dinitrosalycylic assay. The results of the CMC at the first etherification gave a degree of substitution and kinematic viscosity of 0.65 ± 0.02 and 70.46 ± 1.20, while at second etherification, the values obtained were 1.0 ± 0.01 and 80.0 ± 1.00 against the values obtained from the commercial grade which were given as 1.7 ± 0.05 and 95.0 ± 0.04 respectively. The result of the FT-IR of the CMC (test) and the commercial CMC shows similarities at a wavelength of 600 - 4000 cm?1 with slight differences. The presence of CMC was quantitatively confirmed by the activity of cellulase enzyme on the product which was estimated by colour development using 3, 5-dinitrosalicyclic acid and read at 540 nm. The results of the CMC showed no significant differences with the commercial grade using a one-way test (ANOVA) p > 0.05. The results showed that palm kernel cake can be a better source of cellulose for the production of CMC which would find many applications in food, drug, paint, paper and allied industries.
Cite this paper
Ubaoji, I. K. , Ezea, N. V. and Umerie, C. S. (2020). Palm Kernel De-Oiled Cake: A Potential Source of Cellulose for the Production of Carboxylmethyl Cellulose for Industrial Uses. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6810. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106810.
Dauenhauer, A., Krumm, C. and Pfaendtner, J. (2016) Millisecond Pulsed Films Unify the Mechanisms of Cellulose Fragmentation. Chemistry of Materials, 28, 3108-3114. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b00580
Bono, A., Ying, P.H., Yan, F.Y., Muei, C.L., Sarbatly, R. and Krishnaiah, D. (2009) Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Palm Kernel Cake. Advances in Natural and Applied Science, 3, 5-11.
Voravadee, S., Pranut, P. and Duandao, A. (2016) Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Cellulose Based-Agro Waste. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 11, 2566-2572.
Ambjornson, H.A., Schenzel, K. and Germgard, U. (2013) Carboxylmetyl Cellulose Produced at Different Mercerization Conditions and Characterized by NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Analytical Methods. Biological Resources, 8, 1918-1932. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.2.1918-1932
Hong, L.T.R., Borrmeister, B., Dautzenberg, H. and Philip, B. (1978) Zur ermittlung des substitutions grades loslicher Carboxylmethylcellulose durch polyelektrolyt titration. Zellstoff und papier 207-210.
Ozioko, P.C., Eze, S.O.O. and Chilaka, F.C. (2013) Partial Purification and Characterization of Cellulases from Digestive Tracts of the African Giant Snail (Achatina achatina). Turkish Journal of Biology, 37, 1205-1211.
Ohwoavworhua, F.O. and Adelakun, T.A. (2010) Non-Wood Fibre Production of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Sorghum caudatum: Characterisation and Tableting Properties. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 72, 295-301.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.70473
Latif, A., Anwar, T. and Noor, S. (2006) Two Step Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxylmethyl Cellulose from Rayon Grade Woods Pulp and Cotton Linter. Journal of Chemistry, 29, 143-150.
Mark, H.F., Bikales, N.M., Overberger, C.G. and Meufe, G. (1985) Encyclopedias of Polymer Science and Engineering. 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 326-340.
Varshney, V.K., Gupta, N., Sanjay, K., Ritu, A. and Amit Bhatt, P.L. (2006) Carboxymethylation of a-Cellulose Isolated from Lantana Camara with Respect to Degree of Substitution and Rheological Behavior. Carbohydrate Polymer, 63, 40-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.07.001
Togrul, H. and Arslan, N. (2003) Production of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Sugar Beet Pulp Cellulose and Rheological Behavior of Carboxymethyl Cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymer, 54, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00147-4
Heinze, T. and Pfeiffer, K. (1999) Studies on the Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxylmethyl Cellulose. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, 266, 1-37.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-9505(19990501)266:1<37::AID-APMC37>3.0.CO;2-Z
Asep, H.S., Linnisa, Q. and Alia, B.P. (2014) Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) from Water Hyacinth Using Ethanol-Isobutyl Alcohol Mixture as the Solvents. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 5, 36-40. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCEA.2014.V5.347