Background: The proclivity of bacteria resistance to antibiotics has led researchers to develop more interest in antibiotics efficiency in tackling bacterial infections. As part of the effort to finding final resolutions to antibiotics effectiveness, this study was conducted to ascertain the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of three bacterial strains, this study was carried out from March 2019 to June 2019, using different antibiotics such as Ampicillin (AMP), Tetracycline (TET), Erythromycin (ERY), Chloramphenicol (C) Cephalexin (CN), Doxycycline (DO) and Streptomycin (STR) on E. coli, Staphylococcus albus and Bacillus megaterium as part of a project. The potential antagonistic effects were observed in all the antibiotics but with different effects on bacteria strains. Some of the antibiotics were very effective in some bacterial strains and others were less effective. The results obtained evidence that tetracycline has more effects on E. coli and Bacillus meg, but less effective on Staphylococcus. The most effective antibiotic for E. coli was chloramphenicol while the least effective was erythromycin. For Staphylococcus albus, the investigation result found Cephalexin to be more effective, while the least effective was ampicillin. However, Doxycycline also appeared to be more effective on Bacillus megaterium compared to chloramphenicol.
Cite this paper
Akinyemi, O. M. (2020). Antibiotic Resistance: An Investigation on Effectiveness of Antibiotics Treatment on Bacterial Growth. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6347. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106347.
Axenfeld, T. (1908) The Bacteriology of the Eye (Translated by Macnab, A.). In: Balliere, Tindall, and Cox, Williams and Wilkins, London, 77-107.
https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.31749
Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M.I., Khurshid, M., Musammil, S., Rasool, M.H., Nisar, M.A., Alvi, R.F., Aslam M.A., Qamar, M.U., Salamat, M.K.F. and Baloch, Z. (2018) Antibiotic Resistance: A Rundown of a Global Crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1645-1658. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S173867
Suleyman, G. and Zervos M.J. (2016) Safety and Efficacy of Commonly Used Antimicrobial Agents in the Treatment of Enterococcal Infections: A Review. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 15, 153-167.
https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2016.1127349
Nathan, C. and Cars, O. (2014) Antibiotic Resistance—Problems, Progress, and Prospects. The New England Journal of Medicine, 371, 1761-1763.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1408040
Catteau, L., Zhu, L., Van Bambeke, F. and Quetin-Leclercq, J. (2018) Natural and Hemi-Synthetic Pentacyclic Triterpenes as Antimicrobials and Resistance Modifying Agents against Staphylococcus aureus: A Review. Phytochemistry Reviews, 1-35.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-018-9564-2
Kumara, M., Jaiswal, S., Sodhia, K.S., Shreea, P., Singha, D.K., Agrawal, P.K. and Shukla, P. (2019) Antibiotics Bioremediation: Perspectives on Its Ecotoxicity and Resistance. Environment International, 124, 448-461.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.065
Nielsen, K.M., Gj？en, T., Asare, N.Y.O., Lunestad, B.T., Ytrehus, B., Yazdankhah, S.P. and Tronsmo, A. (2018) Antimicrobial Resistance in Wildlife Potential for Dissemination. Opinion of the Panel on Microbial Ecology of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM Report.
Davies, J. and Davies, D. (2010) Origins and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74, 417-433.
https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
Grenni, P., Ancona, V. and Caracciolo, A.B. (2018) Ecological Effects of Antibiotics on Natural Ecosystems: A Review. Microchemical Journal, 136, 25-39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.006
Rizzo, L., Manaia, C., Merlin, C., Schwartz, T., Dagot, C., Ploy, M.C., Michael, I. and FattaKassinos, D. (2013) Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants as Hotspots for Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Genes Spread into the Environment: A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 447, 345-360.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032
Zhou, F. and Wang, Y. (2013) Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance of Airborne Staphylococcus Isolated from Metro Stations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 2412-2426.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10062412
Seiler, C. and Berendonk, T. (2012) Heavy Metal Driven Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance in Soil and Water Bodies Impacted by Agriculture and Aquaculture. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 399. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00399
Davis, B.D. and Feingold, D.S. (1962) Antimicrobial Agents: Mechanism of Action and Use in Metabolic Studies. In: Gunsalus, I.C. and Stanier, R.Y., The Bacteria, Vol. 4, Academic Press, Cambridge, 343-397.
Hahn, F.E. (1964) Actions of Antibiotics on Protein Synthesis. Proceedings of III International Congress of Chemotherapy, Stuttgart, 22-27 July 1963, 215.
Goldberg, I.H. (1965) Mode of Action of Antibiotics. H. Drugs Affecting Nucleic Acid and Protein Synthesis. The American Journal of Medicine, 39, 722.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(65)90094-X
Vazquez, D. (1966) Mode of Action of Chloramphenicol and Related Antibiotics. 16th symposium of the Society for General Microbiology, London, April 1966, 169.
Nie, M., Yang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Li, H. and Dong, W. (2014) Degradation of Chloramphenicol by Thermally Activated Persulfate in Aqueous Solution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 246, 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.047
Pilehvar, S., Mehta, J., Dardenne, F., Robbens, J., Blust, R. and De Wael, K. (2012) Aptasensing of Chloramphenicol in the Presence of Its Analogues: Reaching the Maximum Residue Limit. Analytical Chemistry, 84, 6753-6758.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac3012522
Yan, W.F., Xiao, Y., Yan, W.D., Ding, R., Wang, S.H. and Zhao, F. (2019) The Effect of Bioelectrochemical Systems on Antibiotics Removal and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: A Review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 358, 1421-1437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.128
Guo, N., Wang, Y.K., Yan, L., Wang, X.H., Wang, M.Y., Xu, H. and Wang, S.G. (2017) Effect of Bio-Electrochemical System on the Fate and Proliferation of Chloramphenicol Resistance Genes during the Treatment of Chloramphenicol Wastewater. Water Research, 117, 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.058
Sun, F., Liu, H., Liang, B., Song, R.T., Yan, Q. and Wang, A.J. (2013) Reductive Degradation of Chloramphenicol Using Bioelectrochemical System (BES): A Comparative Study of Abiotic Cathode and Biocathode. Bioresource Technology, 143, 699-702.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.084
Yan, W.F., Guo, Y.Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, S.H., Ding, R., Jiang, J.Q., Gang, H.Y., Wang, H., Yang, J. and Zhao, F. (2018) The Changes of Bacterial Communities and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Microbial Fuel Cells during Long-Term Oxytetracycline Processing. Water Research, 142, 105-114.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.047
Wang, A.J., Cheng, H.Y., Liang, B., Ren, N.Q., Cui, D., Lin, N., Kim, B.H. and Rabaey, K. (2011) Efficient Reduction of Nitrobenzene to Aniline with a Biocatalyzed Cathode. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 10186-10193.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es202356w
Potrykus, J. and Wegrzyn, G. (2011) Chloramphenicol-Sensitive Escherichia coli Strain Expressing the Chloramphenicol Acetyltransferase (cat) Gene. The American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC.
https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.12.3610-3612.2001
Lacks, S. and Gros, F. (1960) A Metabolic Study of the RNA-Amino Acid Complex in Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology, 1, 301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(59)80012-7
Franklin, T.J. and Godfrey, A. (1965) Resistance of Escherichia coli to Tetracyclines. Biochemical Journal, 94, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0940054
Chopra, I. and Robert, M. (2001) Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 65, 232-260.
https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001
Sliman, R., Rehm, S. and Shlaes, D.M. (1987) Serious Infections Caused by Bacillus Species. Medicine (Baltimore), 66, 218-223.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198705000-00005
Andersson, D.I. and Hughes, D. (2014) Microbiological Effects of Sublethal Levels of Antibiotics. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 12, 465-478.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3270
Rayner, C. and Munckhof, W.J. (2006) Antibiotics Currently Used in the Treatment of Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Internal Medicine Journal, 36, 142-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00976.x
Sani, R.A., Garba, S.A. and Oyewole, O.A. (2012) Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Surgical Wounds in Minna, Bida, Kontagora and Suleja Areas of Niger State. American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2, 20-24. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajmms.20120201.05
Lawrence, K. and Anthony, M. (2013) The Effects of Ampicillin on the Growth of Escherichia coli. North Carolina State University, Department of Microbiology.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dba0/caec7215d0e1283db9dbdde35dc7e546d8db.pdf?_ga=2.17167088.877936558.1589294020-1282033662.1589294020
Kolár, M., Urbánek, K. and Látal, T. (2001) Antibiotic Selective Pressure and Development of Bacterial Resistance. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 17, 357-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X
Rasheed, M.U., Thajuddin, N., Ahamed, P., Teklemariam, Z. and Jamil, K. (2014) Antimicrobial Drug Resistance in Strains of E. coli Isolated from Food. The Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S？o Paulo, 56, 341-346.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652014000400012
Misra, R., Virmani, R., Dhakan, D. and Maji, A. (2017) Tackling the Antibiotic Resistance: The “Gut” Feeling. In: Drug Resistance in Bacteria, Fungi, Malaria, and Cancer, Springer, Berlin, 325-338. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48683-3_14
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-48683-3_14
Science Daily (2017) Investigating the Collateral Effects of Antibiotics. The American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/11/171101141719.htm
Laxminarayan, R., Matsoso, P., Pant, S. and Brower, C. (2016) Access to Effective Antimicrobials: A Worldwide Challenge. Antimicrobial: Access and Sustainable Effectiveness, 387, 168-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00474-2
WHO (2015) WHO Multi-Country Survey Reveals Widespread Public Misunderstanding about Antibiotic Resistance.
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/16-11-2015-who-multi-country-survey-reveals-widespread-public-misunderstanding-about-antibiotic-resistance
