In short, in democratic societies, negotiation processes play a crucial role in policy-making and have the power to shape the results, as well as to influence their choice and how they are implemented. This point has been increasingly widely recognized in recent decades. For example, in the United States, a series of legislative initiatives and decrees, including the Negotiated Rulemaking Act of 1990, call on state bodies to define rules and procedures for negotiated “rule-making.” However, the role of negotiation in the policy cycle is often only implicitly recognized. It would be possible in this article to conceptualize a model recognizing the importance of negotiation theory and negotiating ca-pabilities during the basic phases of the policy development cycle.
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