The research activities from past two decades have
been vigorously done in the area of alternate fuel for CI engine and still it
is on. The rapid industrialization and motorization airs is a serious threat to the draining of petroleum
resources. Many investigations and studies revealed that the oils from the
vegetable origin can be successfully implemented to the existing CI engines
without any major hardware modification and still further research is necessary
to find a fuel resource from a waste recovery point of view. In this regard,
waste cooking oil/frying can be used as a potential alternative fuel. This
paper reviews the production, potential, characterization, engine performance
and exhaust emissions of the waste cooking oil biodiesel through the
experimental work carried out in various part of the world.
Cite this paper
Kumar, S. B. , Sushma, U. S. , Chandrasagar, L. , Raju, V. B. and Devi, V. (2017). Use of Waste Frying Oil as C.I. Engine Fuel—A Review. Open Access Library Journal, 4, e3958. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1103958.
BP Global BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/ statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2016 -full-report.pdf
Knothe, G., Dunn, R.O. and Bagby, M.O. (1997) Biodiesel: The Use of Vege-table Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels. In: Saha, B.C., Ed., Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, American Chemical Society, New York, 172-202.
Van Gerpen, J., Shanks, B., Pruszko, R., Clements, D. and Knothe, G. (2004) Biodiesel Production Technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NRRL/SR-510-36244.
Fukuda, H., Kondo, A. and Noda, H. (2001) Biodiesel Fuel Production by Transesterification of Oils. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 92, 405-416.
Kalam, M.A., Masjuki, H.H., Jayed, M.H. and Liaquat, A.M. (2011) Centre for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Emission and Performance Characteristics of an Indirect Ignition Diesel Engine Fuelled with Waste Cooking Oil. Elsevier, Energy, 36, 397-402.
Agarwal, D., Kumar, L. and Agarwal, A.K. (2008) Performance Evaluation of a Vegetable Oil Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine. Science Direct, Renewable Energy, volume, 1147-1156.
Gertz, C. (2000) Chemical and Physical Parameters as Quality Indicators of Used Frying Fats. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 102, 566-572. https://doi.org/10.1002/1438-9312(200009)102:8/9<566::AID-EJLT566>3.0.CO;2-B
Stevenson, S.G., Vaisey-Genser, M., Eskin, N.A.M. (1984) Quality Control in the Use of Deep Frying Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 61, 1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02636232
Aladedunye, F.A. and Przybylski, R. (2009) Protecting Oil during Frying: A Comparative Study. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111, 893-901. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200900020
Knothe, G. and Steidly, K.R. (2009) A Comparison of Used Cooking Oils: A Very Heterogeneous Feedstock for Biodiesel. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5796-5801.
Sanli, H., Canakci, M. and Alptekin, E. (2011) Characterization of Waste Frying Oils Obtained from Different Facilities. World Renewable Energy Congress, Sweden, 8-13 May 2011, Bioenergy Technology, 101-132.
Freedman, B., Butterfield, R.O. and Pryde, E.H. (1986) Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 63, 1375-1380. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02679606
Graille, J., Lozano, P., Pioch, D. and Geneste, P. (1986) Essaispilotesd’ alcoolysed’ huilesvégétales avec des catalyseursnaturels pour la production de carburants diesels. Oleagineux, 41, 457-464.
Bandger, B.P., Uppalla, L.S. and Sadavarte, V.S. (2001) Envirocat EPZG and Natural Clay as Efficient Catalysts for Transesterification of β-Keto Esters. Green Chemistry, 3, 39-41. https://doi.org/10.1039/b006946i
Ponde, D.E., Deshpande, V.H., Bulbule, V.J., Sudalai, A. and Gajare, A.S. (1998) Selective Catalytic Transesterification, Transthiolesterification, and Protection of Carbonyl Compounds over Natural Kaolinitic Clay. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 63, 1058-1063. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo971404l
Freedman, B., Pryde, E.H. and Mounts, T.L. (1984) Variables Affecting the Yields of Fatty Esters from Transesterified Vegetable Oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, 61, 1638-1643. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02541649
Math, M., Kumar, S.P. and Chetty, S.V. (2010) Technologies for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil—A Review. Energy for Sustainable Development, 14, 339-345.
Patil, P.D., Gude, V.G., Reddy, H.K., Muppaneni, T. and Deng, S. (2012) Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using Sulfuric Acid and Microwave Irradiation Processes. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3, 107-113. Published Online January 2012. http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2012.31013
Lima, S.M., Izida, T., Figueiredo, M.S., Andrade, L.H.C., Del Ré, P.V., Jorge, N., Buba, E. and Aristone, F. (2008) Analysis of Biodiesel and Frying Vegetable Oils by Means of FTIR Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. The European Physical Journal Special Topics, 153, 535-537. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2008-00502-9
Sebayang, D., Agustian, E. and Praptijanto, A. (2010) Transesterification of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil Using Ultrasonic Technique. International Conference on Environment 2010 (ICENV 2010), 13-15 December 2010, Penang, Malaysia, 1-9.
Nye, M.J., Williamson T.W., Deshpande, S., Schrader, J.H., Snively, W.H., Yurkewich, T.P. and French, C.L. (1983) Conversion of Used Frying Oil to Diesel Fuel by Transesterification: Preliminary Tests. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 60, 1598-1601. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02666593
Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J. (1999) Biodiesel Production via Acid Catalysis. Transactions of the ASAE, 42, 1203-1210. American Society of Agricultural Engineers 0001-2351/99/4205-1203.
Guana, G. and Kusakabe, K. (2012) Biodiesel Production from Waste Oily Sludge by Acid-Catalyzed Esterification. International Journal of Biomass & Renewable, 1, 1-5.
Adepoju, T.F. and Olawale, O. (2014) Acid-Catalyzed Esterification of Waste Cooking Oil with High FFA for Biodiesel Production. Chemical and Process Engineering Research, 21, ISSN 2224-7467 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0913 (Online).
Yu, J.T., Dehkhoda, A.M. and Ellis, N. (2011) Development of Biochar-based Catalyst for Transesterification of Canola Oil. Energy &Fuels, 25, 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100977d
Pazouk, M., Zamani, F., Zamzamian, S.A.H. and Najafpour, G. (2011) Study on Reaction Conditions in Whole Cell Biocatalyst Methanolysis of Pretreated Used Cooking Oil. World Renewable Energy Congress, Sweden, 8-13 May 2011, Bio Energy Technology, 2993-3000.
Gharat, N. and Virendra, K. (2013) Enzyme Catalyzed Trans-esterification of Waste Cooking Oil with Dimethyl Carbonate. Rathod Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 88, 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.11.007
Deba, A.A., Tijani, H.I., Galadima, A.I., Mienda, B.S., Deba, F.A. and Zargoun, L.M. (2015) Waste Cooking oil: A Resourceful Waste for Lipase Catalysed Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5, ISSN 2250-3153.
Arjun, B. Chhetri, K. Chris, W. and Islam, M.R. (2008) Waste Cooking Oil as an Alternate Feedstock for Biodiesel Production. Energies, 1, 3-18, ISSN 1996-107. https://doi.org/10.3390/en1010003
Ullah, Z., Bustam, M.A. and Man, Z. (2014) Characterization of Waste Palm Cooking Oil for Biodiesel Production. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applica-tions, 5.
Plante, M., Bailey, B. and Acworth, I.N. Characterization of Used Cooking Oils by High Performance Liquid Chro-matography and Corona Charged Aerosol Detection. Thermo Scientific Paster Note. PN70536_AOCS_2014_E_05/14s
Canakci, M. and Van Gerpen, J.H. (2003) Comparison of Engine Performance and Emissions for Petroleum Diesel Fuel, Yellow Grease Biodiesel, and Soybean Oil Biodiesel. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 46, 937-944. ISSN 0001-2351.
Ozsezen, A.N., Canakci, M. and Sayin, C. (2008) Effects of Biodiesel from Used Frying Palm Oil on the Performance, Injection, and Combustion Characteristics of an Indirect Injection Diesel Engine. Energy & Fuels, 22, 1297-1305. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700447z
Adaileh, W.M. and AlQdah, K.S. (2012) Performance of Diesel Engine Fuelled by a Biodiesel Extracted from a Waste Cocking Oil. Energy Procedia, 18, 1317-1334
Effect of Fuel Injection Timing with Waste Cooking Oil as a Fuel in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Article in Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering, January 2004. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/245390905
Guibet, J.C. and Faure-Birchem, E. (1999) Fuels and Engines: Technology, Energy. Environment. ISBN: 2710807513, Publications of the French Petroleum Institute. https://books.google.com/books/about/Fuels_and_engines
Arslan, R. (2011) Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Waste Cooking Oil as Biodiesel Fuel. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 3790-3794.
Utlu, Z. and Kocak, M.S. (2008) The Effect of Biodiesel Fuel Obtained from Waste Frying Oil on Direct Injection Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions. Renewable Energy, 33, 1936-1941.
Valente, O.S., Pasa, V.M.D., Belchior, C.R.P. and Sodré, J.R. (2012) Exhaust Emissions from a Diesel Power Generator Fuelled by Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel. Science of the Total Environment, 431, 57-61.
Yage Dia, B., Cheungb, C.S. and Huanga, Z. (2009) Experimental Investigation on Regulated and Unregulated Emissions of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Blended with Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 835-846.
Nabi, N. and Rahman, M. (2009) Akhter Biodiesel from Cotton Seed Oil and Its Effect on Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions. Applied Thermal Engineering, 87, 714-722.