Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic infectious zoonotic disease of domestic animals
and humans. It is characterized by formation of granulomas in tissue especially
the lungs, lymph nodes, liver, intestines and the kidneys. Mycobacterium bovis is the main etiological
agent of BTB (Bovine tuberculosis) which is an acid fast staining bacterium due
to waxy substance (mycolic acid) present in its bacterial cell wall. The bacteria
can be transmitted by both aerogenous and enterogenous routes. In Ethiopia bovine
tuberculosis is endemic and mostly transmitted to humans through ingestion of unpasteurized
contaminated milk and contact with infected animals. Disease causes development
of miliary tubercular lesions, chronic cough, obstructions of air passages and alimentary
tract or blood vessels and enlargement of lymph nodes. A spectrum of Cell-Mediated
Immune responses (CMI) predominate infection, projecting the role of macrophages
and T-cell populations. In advanced stage, there is increased humoral response.
Tuberculinization test, single intradermal test and comparative intradermal
test, is the valuable delayed type hyper sensitivity test used for diagnosing
TB in live animal, and used in TB eradication and for international trade.
Vaccination of calves with attenuated bovine-strain of tuberculosis bacterium,
known as Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) and testing and culling are
important measure in BTB control and prevention endemic area like Ethiopia. It is
important to pasteurize milk before human consumption to reduce public health risk.
Cite this paper
Jemal, A. M. (2016). Review on Zoonotic Importance of Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Control. Open Access Library Journal, 3, e2504. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102504.
Theon, C.,
LoBue, P.,
Enarson, D.,
Kaneene, J.
and de Kantor, I. (2009)
Tuberculosis a Re-Emerging Disease in Animals and Humans. Veterinaria Italiana, 45, 135-181.
Dhama,
K., Mahendran, M., Tiwari, R., Singh, S.D., Kumar, D., Singh, S. and Sawant, P.M. (2011) Tuberculosis in Birds:
Insights into the Mycobacterium avium Infections. Veterinary Medicine International, 2011, Article ID: 712369. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/712369
Smith, N.H.,
Hewinson, R.G., Kremer, K., Brosch, R. and Gordon, S.V. (2009) Myths and Misconceptions:
The Origin and Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 7, 537-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2165
Le Roex, N., van Helden, P.D., Koets, A.P. and Hoal, E.G. (2013) Bovine TB in Livestock
and Wildlife: What’s in the Genes? Physiological Genomics, 45, 631-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00061.2013
Rodriguez-Campos,
S., Smith, N.H., Boniotti, M.B. and Aranaz, A. (2014) Overview and Phylogeny
of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex Organisms: Implications for Diagnostics and
Legislation of Bovine Tuberculosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 97, S5-S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.009
Ereqat, S.,
Nasereddin, A., Levine, H., Azmi, K. and Al-Jawabreh, A., et al. (2013) First-Time Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in Livestock Tissues and Milk in the West Bank,
Palestinian Territories. PLOS Neglected
Tropical Diseases, 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002417
Corner, L.A.L. (2006) The Role of Wild Animal Populations
in the Epidemiology of Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals: How to Assess the Risk. Veterinary Microbiology, 112, 303-312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.015
Birhanu, T.,
Mezgebu, E., Ejeta, E., Gizachew, A. and Nekemte, E. (2015) Review
on Diagnostic Techniques of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia. Report
and Opinion, 7, 7-14. Marsland Press. http://www.sciencepub.net/report
Verma, A.K., Tiwari, R., Chakraborty, S., Neha, Saminathan, M., Dhama, K. and Singh, S.V. (2014) Insights into Bovine Tuberculosis (bTB),
Various Approaches for Its Diagnosis, Control and Its Public Health Concerns:
An Update. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9, 323-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.323.344
Shitaye, J.E., Tsegaye, W. and Pavlik, I. (2007)
Bovine Tuberculosis Infection in Animal and Human Populations in Ethiopia: A
Review. Veterinarni Medicina-Praha-, 52, 317.
Ameni, G., Vordermeier, M., Firdessa, R., Aseffa, A.,
Hewinson, G., Gordon, S.V. and Berg, S. (2011) Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Grazing Cattle
in Central Ethiopia. Veterinary Journal,
188, 359.
Vial, F., Johnston, W.T. and Donnelly, C.A. (2011) Local Cattle and Badger Populations Affect the Risk of Confirmed
Tuberculosis in British Cattle Herds. PloS
One, 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018058
Biffa, D., Bogale, A., Godfroid, J. and Skjerve, E. (2012) Factors
Associated with Severity of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopian Cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 44,
991-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0031-y
Acevedo, P., Romero, B., Vicente, J.,
Caracappa, S. and Galluzzo, P. (2013) Tuberculosis Epidemiology in Islands: Insularity, Hosts and
Trade. PloS One, 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071074
Phillips, C.J.C., Foster, C.R.W., Morris, P.A. and Teverson, R. (2003)
The Transmission of Mycobacterium bovis Infection to Cattle. Research in Veterinary Science, 74,
1-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-5288(02)00145-5
Van Rhijn, I., Godfroid, J., Michel, A. and Rutten, V. (2008) Bovine Tuberculosis as a Model for Human Tuberculosis:
Advantages over Small Animal Models. Microbes
and Infection, 10, 711-715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2008.04.005
Raviglione,
M. and Krech, R. (2011) Tuberculosis: Still a
Social Disease. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 15, S6-S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0158
Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C.,
Blood,
D.C. and Hinchelift, K.W. (2000) Disease Caused by Bacteria-Mycobacterium. In: Radostits,
O.M. and Arunde, J.H.,
Eds., Veterinary Medicine: A Text Book of Disease of Cattle, Sheep, Pig, Goat and Horses, 9th
Edition, Harcourt Publisher Ltd., London, 909-918.
Thye, T., Vannberg, F.O., Wong, S.H., Owusu-Dabo, E., Osei, I., et al. (2010) Genome-Wide Association Analyses Identifies a
Susceptibility Locus for Tuberculosis on Chromosome 18q11.2. Nature Genetics, 42, 739-741. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.639
Verhagen,
L.M., van den Hof, S., van Deutekom, H., Hermans, P.W., Kremer, K., Borgdorff, M.W. and van Soolingen, D. (2011) Mycobacterial Factors Relevant for Transmission of
Tuberculosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 203, 1249-1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir013
Trinkel, M.,
Cooper, D., Packer, C. and Slotow, R. (2011) Inbreeding
Depression Increases Susceptibility to Bovine Tuberculosis in Lions: An
Experimental Test Using an Inbred-Outbred Contrast through Translocation. Journal
of Wildlife Diseases, 47, 494-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-47.3.494
Sharma, S.K., Mohan,
A., Sharma, A. and Mitra, D.K. (2005) Miliary Tuberculosis: New Insights into an Old
Disease. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 415-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70163-8
Patterson, J. and Grooms, D. (2000) Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis: Gross Necropsy,
Histopathology and Acid Fast Staining. Michigan State University Extension,
35, 1-2.
Cousins, D.V. (2001) Mycobacterium bovis Infection and Control in Domestic Livestock. Scientific and Technical Review of the
Office International des Epizooties, 20, 71-85.
Chambers,
M.A. (2013) Review
of the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Non-Bovid Wildlife Species Using Immunological
Methods—An Update of Published Work since 2009. Transboundary Emerging
Disease, 60, 14-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12094
Lyashchenko, K.,
Whelan, A.O., Greenwald, R., Pollock, J.M., Andersen, P., Hewinson, R.G. and Vordermeier, H.M.
(2004) Association of Tuberculin-Boosted Antibody Responses with Pathology and
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Cattle Vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovisBCG and Infected with M. bovis. Infection
and Immunity, 72, 2462-2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.72.5.2462-2467.2004
Gan, W., Zhou, X., Yang, H., Chen, H., Qiao, J., et al. (2013) Development
of a Test for Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle Based on Measurement of Gamma
Interferon mRNA by Real-Time PCR. Veterinary Record, 173, 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.101552
Parlane, N.A. and Buddle, B.M. (2015) Immunity
and Vaccination against Tuberculosis in Cattle. Current Clinical Microbiology
Reports, 2, 44-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40588-014-0009-4
Ameni, G., Vordermeier, M., Aseffa, A.,
Young, D.B. and Hewinson, R.G. (2010) Field Evaluation of the Efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus
Calmette-Guerin against Bovine Tuberculosis in Neonatal Calves in Ethiopia. Clinical
and Vaccine Immunology, 17,
1533-1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00222-10
Tessema,
B., Beer, J., Emmrich, F., Sack, U. and Rodloff, A.C. (2012) First and Second Line Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance
in Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease, 16, 805-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0522
Biadglegne,
F., Tessema, B., Rodloff, A.C. and
Sack, U. (2013) Magnitude of Gene Mutations Conferring Drug Resistance in
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Isolates from Lymph Node Aspirates in Ethiopia. International
Journal of Medical Sciences, 10, 1589-1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.6806
Esmael, A., Ali,
I., Agonafir, M., Endris, M., Getahun, M., Yaregal, Z. and Desta, K. (2014) Drug Resistance Pattern of M. tuberculosis in Eastern Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 6, 075-079.
Hirpa, S., Medhin, G., Girma, B., Melese, M.
and Mekonen, A. (2013) Determinants of
Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Patients Who Underwent First-Line Treatment
in Addis Ababa: A Case Control Study. BMC Public Health, 13, 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-782
Mekonnen, F., Tessema, B., Moges, F., Gelaw,
A., Eshetie, S. and Kumera, G. (2015) Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis:
Prevalence and Risk Factors in Districts of Metema and West Armachiho,
Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infectious
Diseases, 15, 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1202-7
Biadglegne, F., Sack, U. and Rodloff, A.C.
(2014) Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Ethiopia: Efforts to Expand Diagnostic
Services, Treatment and Care. Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control,
3, 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2047-2994-3-31
Biadglegne,
F., Tesfaye, W., Anagaw, B., Tessema, B, Debebe, T.,
Anagaw, B., Mulu, A., Sack, U. and Rodloff, A.C. (2013) Tuberculosis
Lymphadenitis in Ethiopia. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 66, 263-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.66.263
Joardar, S.N., Ram, G.C. and Goswami, T.K. (2003) Mycobacterium bovis AN5 Antigens Vary in
Their Ability to Induce Nitric Oxide Production in Blood Monocytes of
Experimentally Infected Cattle. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology, 93, 61-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00053-9
O’Reilly,
L.M. and Daborn, C.J. (1995) The Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis Infections in Animals and Man: A Review. Tubercle
and Lung Disease, 76, 1-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-8479(95)90591-X
Rodriguez-Campos,
S., Smith, N.H., Boniotti, M.B. and Aranaz, A. (2014) Overview and
Phylogeny of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Organisms: Implications for Diagnostics and Legislation of Bovine Tuberculosis. Research in Veterinary Science, 97, S5-S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.009
Perez-Lago,
L., Navarro, Y. and
Garcia-de-Viedma, D. (2013) Current Knowledge and
Pending Challenges in Zoonosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis: A Review. Research
in Veterinary Science, 97, S94-S100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.008
Malama, S., Muma, J.B. and Godfroid, J. (2013) A
Review of Tuberculosis at the Wildlife-Livestock-Human Interface in Zambia. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2, 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-2-13
Etter, E., Donado, P., Jori, F., Caron, A., Goutard, F. and Roger, F. (2006)
Risk Analysis and Bovine Tuberculosis, a Re-Emerging Zoonosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,
1081,
61-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1373.006
Evans, J.T., Smith, E.G., Banerjee, A., Smith, R.M.M., Dale, J., et al. (2007) Cluster
of Human Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium bovis: Evidence for
Person-to-Person Transmission in the UK. Lancet,
369, 1270-1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60598-4
Asseged, B., Woldesenbet, Z., Yimer, E. and Lemma, E. (2004) Evaluation
of Abattoir Inspection for the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Cattle at Addis Ababa Abattoir. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 36,
537-546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:TROP.0000040934.32330.44
Torgerson, P.R. and Torgerson, D.J. (2010) Public Health and Bovine Tuberculosis: What’s
All the Fuss about? Trends in
Microbiology, 18, 67-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2009.11.002
Theon, C., Lobue, P.,
Enarson, D.,
Kaneene, J.
and de Kantor, I.
(2009) Tuberculosis
a Re-Emerging Disease in Animals and Humans. Veterinaria Italiana, 45, 135-181.
Krauss, H.,
Weber, A.,
Appel, M.,
Enders, B.,
Isenberg, D.H.,
Schiefer, G.H.,
Slenczka, W.,
von Graevenitz, A. and
Zahner, H.
(2003) Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans. Third Edition, ASM Press, Washington DC, 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817787
Pavlik, I.,
Ayele, W.Y.,
Parmova, I.,
Melicharek, I.,
Hanzlikova, M.,
Kormendy, B.,
Nagy, G.,
Cvetnic, Z.,
Ocepek, M.,
Fejzic, N. and
Lipiec, M.
(2002) Incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle in Seven Central European
Countries during the Years 1990-1999. Veterinarni
Medicina, 47, 45-51.
Nwanta, J.A.,
Onunkwo, J.I.,
Ezema, W.S.
and Umeononigwe, C.N.
(2010) Zoonotic Tuberculosis: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation,
Prevention and Control. Journal of Public
Health and Epidemiology, 2, 118-124.
Schiller, I., Ray Waters, W., Vordermeier, H.M., Jemmi, T., Welsh, M., et al. (2011) Bovine Tuberculosis in
Europe from the Perspective of an Officially Tuberculosis Free Country: Trade,
Surveillance and Diagnostics. Veterinary
Microbiology, 151, 153-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.02.039
Schiller, I., Vordermeier, H.M., Waters, W.R., Whelan, A.O., Coad, M., et al. (2010) Bovine
Tuberculosis: Effect of the Tuberculin Skin Test on in Vitro Interferon
Gamma Responses. Veterinary Immunology
and Immunopathology, 136, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.02.007
Kahn, L.H., Kaplan,
B. and Steele, J.H. (2007) Confronting Zoonosis through Collaboration between
Medicine and Veterinary Medicine (as “One
Medicine”). Veterinaria Italiana, 43,
5-19.
Verma, A.K., Dhama,
K., Chakraborty, S., Kumar, A., Tiwari, R., et al. (2014) Strategies for Combating and Eradicating Important
Infectious Diseases of Animals with Particular Reference to India: Present and
Future Perspectives. Asian Journal of
Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9, 77-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2014.77.106
Woolhouse, M.E., Dye, C., Etard, J.F., Smith, T., Charlwood, J.D., et al. (1997) Heterogeneities in the
Transmission of Infectious Agents: Implications for the Design of Control
Programs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 94, 338-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.338
