The Unified Theoretical Form of Massive Electrodynamics

Based on the mechanism of vacuum polarization, we here establish a set of new electromagnetic field equations (EFEs) in 5-dimensional Minkowski coordinate system, which can be used to consider some physical implications, such as the dispersion, the polarized states and the Hubble redshift of massive photon. It shows that, the effective mass of photon is related to the Hubble constant H, and finally determined by its unit spin h. Importantly, these obtained equations, working as a generalization of Maxwell’s equations (MEs), enable us to develop the special relativity into 5-dimensional form. In developed relativity, the particle spin will voluntarily go into the motion equation, since it plus the linear momentum and energy can just form a 5-dimensional covariant vector. Moreover, by reorganizing the conservation laws of generalized electrodynamics, we find that the Hamiltonian of massive photon is similar to the Dirac formation. This similarity allows us to construct a new Dirac typical equation to study the motion of massive photon from a standpoint of Dirac theory.