全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Aerosol Scavenging during the Early Growth Stage of Ice Crystal Formation

DOI: 10.4236/acs.2018.84026, PP. 395-409

Keywords: Ice Crystals, Ice Nucleating Particles, Aerosol Scavenging, Diffusiophoresis

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This paper investigated the possibility that aerosol particles are scavenged during the first and fast diffusional growth of small ice crystals. After ice phase formation, riming, scavenging and aggregation may lead to the collection of additional aerosol particles. Therefore, particles left after ice evaporation in hydrometeors, called ice residuals, may not currently be identical to ice nucleating particles. To overcome this problem, the largest ice crystals are removed during sampling in clouds and only crystals in the initial phase of growth, with diameters lower than 20 - 30 μm, are usually considered. Published papers assume that no aerosol scavenging takes place during the initial phase of growth of small ice crystals. The aim of this paper was to ascertain if this assumption is valid. Experiments were performed in a cold laboratory by considering ice crystals growing in the presence of supercooled droplets. Results showed that crystals can scavenge aerosol even in the first stage of growth. Theoretical considerations show that aerosol scavenging cannot be explained by Brownian diffusion, inertial impaction or interception processes. We suggest that the presence of aerosol in the pristine ice crystals may be due to diffusiophoretic force. During diffusive crystal growth, a flow called Stefan’s flow exists near the hydrometeor surface, driving the nearby aerosol particles towards the surface of the growing hydrometeors.

References

[1]  Field, P.R., Lawson, R.P., Brown, P.R.A., Lloyd, G., Westbrook, C., Moisseev, D., Miltenberger, A., Nenes, A., Blyth, A., Choularton, T., et al. (2017) Secondary Ice Production: Current State of the Science and Recommendations for the Future. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 7.1-7.20.
[2]  Heymsfield, A. and Miloshevich, L.M. (1993) Homogeneous Ice Nucleation and Supercooled Liquid Water in Orographic Wave Clouds. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 50, 2335-2353.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<2335:HINASL>2.0.CO;2
[3]  Cziczo, D.J., Ladino. L., Boose, Y., Kanji, A., Kupiszewski, P., Lance, S., Mertes, S. and Wex, H. (2017) Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Residuals. Meteorological Monographs, 58, 8.1-8.13.
[4]  Karcher, B. and Basko, M.M. (2004) Trapping of Trace Gases in Growing Ice Crystals. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D22204.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005254
[5]  Marécal, V., Pirre, M., Rivière, E.D., Pouvesle, N., Crowley, J.N., Freitas, S.R. and Longo, K.M. (2010). Modelling the Reversible Uptake of Chemical Species in the Gas Phase by Ice Particles Formed in a Convective Cloud. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 4977-5000.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4977-2010
[6]  Kupiszewski, P., Weingartner, E, Vochezer, P., Schnaiter, M., Bigi, A., Gysel, M., Rosati, B., Toprak, E., Mertes, S. and Baltensperger, U. (2015) The Ice Selective Inlet: A Novel Technique for Exclusive Extraction of Pristine Ice Crystals in Mixed-Phase Clouds. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 8, 3087-3106.
https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-3087-2015
[7]  Isono, K. (1955) On Ice-Crystal Nuclei and Other Substances Found in Snow Crystals. Journal of Meteorology, 12, 456-462.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1955)012<0456:OICNAO>2.0.CO;2
[8]  Kumai, M. (1951) Electron-Microscope Study of Snow-Crystal Nuclei. Journal of Meteorology, 8, 151-156. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1951)008<0151:EMSOSC>2.0.CO;2
[9]  Parungo, F.P., Ackerman, E. and Proulx, H. (1976) Natural Ice Nuclei. Jounal de Rècherche Atmosphérique, 10, 45-60.
[10]  Mertes, S., Verheggen, B., Walter, S., Connolly, P., Ebert, M., Schneider, J., Bower, K.N., Cozic, J., Weinbruch, S., Baltensperger, U. and Weingartner, E. (2007) Counterflow Virtual Impactor Based Collection of Small Ice Particles in Mixed-Phase Clouds for the Physico-Chemical Characterization of Tropospheric Ice Nuclei: Sampler Description and First Case Study. Aerosol Science and Technology, 41, 848-864.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701501881
[11]  Cziczo, D.J. and Froyd, K.D. (2014) Sampling the Composition of Cirrus Ice Residuals. Atmospheric Research, 142, 15-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.06.012
[12]  Cziczo, D.J., Murphy, D.M., Hudson, P.K. and Thomson, D.S. (2004) Single Particle Measurements of the Chemical Composition of Cirrus Ice Residue during CRYSTAL-FACE. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109, D04201.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004032
[13]  Prenni, A.J., De Mott, P.J., Rogers, D.C., Kreidenweiss, S.M., Mcfarquhar, G.M., Zhang, G. and Poellot, M.R. (2009) Ice Nuclei Characteristics from M-PACE and Their Relation to Ice Formation in Clouds. Tellus, 61B, 436-448.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00415.x
[14]  Froyd, K.D., Murphy, D.M., Lawson, P., Baumgardner, D. and Herman, R.L. (2010) Aerosols That Form Subvisiblecirrus at the Tropical Tropopause. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-209-2010
[15]  Santachiara, G., Belosi, F. and Prodi, F. (2014) The Mystery of Ice Crystal Multiplication in a Laboratory Experiment. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 71, 89-97.
https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-13-0117.1
[16]  Schaefer, V.J. (1956) The Preparation of Snow Crystal Replicas. Weatherwise, 9, 132-134.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00431672.1956.9927220
[17]  Griggs, D.J. and Jayaratne, E.R. (1986) The Replication of Ice Crystals Using Formvar: Techniques and Precautions. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 3, 547-551.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1986)003<0547:TROICU>2.0.CO;2
[18]  Fuchs, N.A. (1964) The Mechanics of Aerosol. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 202.
[19]  Park, S.H., Jung, C.H., Jung, K.R., Lee, B.K. and Lee, K.W. (2005) Wet Scrubbing of Polydisperse Aerosols by Freely Falling Droplets. Journal of Aerosol Science, 36, 1444-1458.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.03.012
[20]  Heymsfield, A. (1972) Ice Crystal Terminal Velocities. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 29, 1348-1357.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1972)029<1348:ICTV>2.0.CO;2
[21]  Stefan, J. (1881) über die Verdampfung aus einem kreisforming oder elliptisch begrenzten Becken. Wien. Ber., 83, 943-949.
[22]  Schmitt, K.H. (1961) Untersuchungen an Schwebstoffteilchen in diffundierenndem wasserdampf. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, 16A, 144-149.
[23]  Beresnev, S., Chernyak, V. and Starikov, S. (1999) Diffusiophoresis of Aerosol Particles in a Binary Gas Mixture. Journal of Aerosol Science, 30, S761-S762.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(99)80391-7
[24]  Prodi, F., Santachiara, G. and Cornetti, C. (2002) Measurements of Diffusiophoretic Velocities of Aerosol Particles in the Transition Region. Journal of Aerosol Science, 33, 181-188.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502(01)00164-1
[25]  Kuroda, T. (1984) Rate Determining Processes of Growth of Ice Crystals from the Vapour Phase. Part I: Theoretical Consideration. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 62, 552-562.
https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1965.62.3_552
[26]  Goldsmith, P. and May, F.G. (1966) Diffusiophoresis and Thermophoresis in Water Vapour Systems. In: Davies, C.N., Ed., Aerosol Science, Academic Press, New York, 163-194.
[27]  Fukuta, N. and Takahashi, T. (1999) The Growth of Atmospheric Ice Crystals: A Summary of Findings in Vertical Supercooled Cloud Tunnel Studies. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 56, 1963-1979.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<1963:TGOAIC>2.0.CO;2
[28]  DeMott, P.J., Prenni, A.J., Liu, X., Kreidenweis, S.M., Petters, M.D., Twohy, C.H., Richardson, M.S., Eidhammer, T. and Rogers, D.C. (2010) Predicting Global Atmospheric Ice Nuclei Distributions and Their Impacts on Climate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 11217-11222.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910818107
[29]  Kupiszewski, P., Zanatta, M., Mertes, S., Vochezer, P., Lloyd, G., Schneider, J., Schenk, L., Schnaiter, M., Baltensperger, U., Weingartner, E. and Gysel, M. (2016) Ice Residual Properties in Mixed-Phase Clouds at the High-Alpine Jungfraujoch Site. Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, 12343-12362.
[30]  Schmidt, S., Schneider, J., Klimach, T., Mertes, S., Schenk, L.P., Kupiszewski, P., Curtius, J. and Borrmann, S. (2017) Online Single Particle Analysis of Ice Particle Residuals from Mountain-Top Mixed-Phase Cloud Using Laboratory Derived Particle Type Assignment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 17, 575-594.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-575-2017
[31]  Ohtake, T. (1976) Ice Crystals in the Antarctic Atmosphere. Proceedings of Ninth International Conference on Cloud Physics, Boulder, 26-30 July 1976, 484-487.
[32]  Kumai, M. (1976) Identification of Nuclei and Concentrations of Chemical Species in Snow Crystals Sampled at the South Pole. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 33, 833-841.
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0833:IONACO>2.0.CO;2
[33]  Ohtake, T. and Yogi, T. (1979) Winter Ice Crystals at South Pole. Antarctic Journal of the United States, 14, 201.
[34]  Goodman, J., Toon, O.B., Pueschel, R.F., Snetsinger, K.G. and Verma, S. (1989) Antarctic Stratospheric Ice Crystals. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 16449-16457.
https://doi.org/10.1029/JD094iD14p16449
[35]  Prodi, F. (1976) Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Growing Ice Crystals. International Conference on Cloud Physics, Boulder, 70-75.
[36]  Prodi, F. and Oraltay, R.G. (1991) Scavenging of Aerosol Particles by Growing and Evaporating Ice Crystals, Assessing the Role of Competitive Processes. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Precipitation Scavenging and Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Processes, Richland, 15-19 July 1991, 75-86.
[37]  Santachiara, G., Belosi, F. and Prodi, F. (2016) Ice Crystal Precipitation at Dome C Site (East Antarctica). Atmospheric Research, 167, 108-117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.08.006
[38]  Cziczo, D.J., Froyd, K.D., Hoose, H., Jensen, E.J., Diao, M., Zondlo, M.A., Smith, J.B., Twohy, C.H. and Murphy, D.M. (2012) Clarifying the Dominant Sources and Mechanisms of Cirrus Cloud Formation. Science, 340, 1320-1324.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234145
[39]  Ebert, M., Worringen, A., Benker, N., Mertes, S., Weingartner, E. and Weinbruch, S. (2011) Chemical Composition and Mixing-State of Ice Residuals Sampled within Mixed Phase Clouds. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 11, 2805-2816.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2805-2011
[40]  Zobrist, B., Marcolli, C., Peter, T. and Koop, T. (2008) Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation in Aqueous Solutions: The Role of Water Activity. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112, 3965-3975.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp7112208
[41]  Welti, A., Lüond, F., Stetzer, O. and Lohmann, U. (2009) Influence of Particle Size on the Ice Nucleating Ability of Mineral Dusts. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 9, 6705-6715.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-6705-2009
[42]  Targino, A.C., Krejci, R., Noone, K.J. and Glantz P. (2006) Single Particle Analysis of Ice Crystal Residuals Observed in Orographic Wave Clouds over Scandinavia during INTACC Experiment. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 1977-1990.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-1977-2006
[43]  Kamphus, M., Ettner-Mahl, M., Klimach, T., Drewnick, F., Keller, L., Cziczo, D.J., Mertes, S., Borrmann, S. and Curtius, J. (2010) Chemical Composition of Ambient Aerosol, Ice Residues and Cloud Droplet Residues in Mixed-Phase Clouds: Single Particle Analysis during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterization Experiment (CLACE 6). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10, 8077-8095. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8077-2010
[44]  Worringen, A., Kandler, K., Benker, N., Dirsch, T., Mertes, S., Schenk, L., Kastner, U., Frank, F., Nillius, B. and Bunke, U. (2015) Single-Particle Characterization of Ice-Nucleating Particles and Ice Particle Residuals Sampled by Three Different Techniques. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15, 4161-4178.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-4161-2015
[45]  Pratt, K.A., DeMott, P.J., French, J.R., Wang, Z., Westphal, D.L., Heymsfield, A.J., Twohy, C.H., Prenni, A.J. and Prather, K.A. (2009) In Situ Detection of Biological Particles in Cloud Ice-Crystals. Nature Geoscience, 2, 398-401.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo521
[46]  Seifer, M., Strom, J., Kreici, R., Minikin, A., Petzold, A., Gayet, J.-F. and Schumann, U. (2003) In Situ Observations of Aerosol Particles Remaining from Evaporated Cirrus Crystals: Comparing Clean and Polluted Air Masses. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 1037-1049.
https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-1037-2003
[47]  Kumai, M. (1957) Electron-Microscope Study of Snow Crystal Nuclei: II. Geofisica Puraed Applicata, 36, 169-181.
[48]  Baumgardner, D., Subramanian, R., Twohy, C., Stith, J. and Kok, G. (2008) Scavenging of Black Carbon by Ice Crystals over the Northern Pacific. Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L22815.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035764

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133