This paper mainly explored the strategies of capacity-building for the poor in the early stage of tourism development in poverty-stricken areas. Given the requirements of tourism poverty alleviation, the capacity-building strategies during the transition period need to focus on non-school-age and impoverished population, and integrate both explicit and tacit knowledge, as well as absorb foreign advanced knowledge adequately, while some limitations still exist in the literatures now. In this paper, we analyzed the cross-group knowledge transfer process of “migrant workers-local poor people” to explore the capacity-building strategies that meet various requirements during the transitional period for the poor.
References
[1]
Akama, J. S. (1996). Western Environmental Values and Nature-Based Tourism in Kenya. Tourism Management, 17, 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00077-5
[2]
Akama, J. S. (1999). Marginalization of the Maasai in Kenya. Annals of Tourism Research, 26, 716-718. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00027-4
[3]
Akama, J. S. (2004). Neocolonialism, Dependency and External Control of Kenya’s Tourism Industry: A Case Study of Wildlife Safari Tourism in Kenya. In C. M. Hall, & H. Tucker (Eds.), Tourism and Postcolonialism: Contested Discourses, Identities and Representations (pp. 140-152). London: Routledge.
[4]
Argyris, C. (1992). Knowledge for Action: A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.
[5]
Ashley, C., Roe, D., & Goodwin, H. (2001). Pro-Poor Tourism Strategies: Making Tourism Work for the Poor: A Review of Experience.
[6]
Baggio, R., Cooper, C., Scott, N., & Laws, E. (2010). Knowledge Transfer in a Tourism Destination: The Effects of a Network Structure. The Service Industries Journal, 30, 1757-1771. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060903580649
[7]
Bennett, O., Roe, D., & Ashley, C. (1999). Sustainable Tourism and Poverty Elimination Study. London: Overseas Development Institute.
[8]
Blake, A., Arbache, J. S., Sinclair, M. T., & Teles, V. (2008). Tourism and Poverty Relief. Annals of Tourism Research, 35, 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.06.013
[9]
Britton, S. (1982). The Political Economy of Tourism in the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 331-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(82)90018-4
[10]
Buckley, R. (2002). Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 1192-1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00040-3
[11]
Chok, S., Macbeth, J., Warren, C., & Hall, C. M. (2007). Tourism as a Tool for Poverty Alleviation: A Critical Analysis of “Pro-Poor Tourism” and Implications for Sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 10, 144-165. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit303
[12]
Cooper, C. (2006). Knowledge Management and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 33, 47-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.04.005
[13]
Cummings, J. L., & Teng, B. S. (2003). Transferring R & D Knowledge: The Key Factors Affecting Knowledge Transfer Success. Journal of Engineering & Technology Management, 20, 39-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(03)00004-3
[14]
Darr, E. D., & Kurtzberg, T. R. (2000). An Investigation of Partner Similarity Dimensions on Knowledge Transfer. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 82, 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2885
[15]
Darr, E. D., Argote, L., & Epple, D. (1995). The Acquisition, Transfer, and Depreciation of Knowledge in Service Organizations: Productivity in Franchises. Management Science, 41, 1750-1762. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.41.11.1750
[16]
Hansen, M. T. (1999). The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 82-111. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667032
[17]
Hausler, N. (2008, March 21-24). Community Based Tourism—What Works and What Does Not Work? Presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destination, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
[18]
Hummel, J., & Duim, R. V. D. (2012). Tourism and Development at Work: 15 Years of Tourism and Poverty Reduction within the SNV Netherlands Development Organisation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20, 319-338. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.663381
[19]
Jamal, T. B., & Detz, D. (1995). Collaboration Theory and Community Tourism Planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22, 186-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)00067-3
[20]
Koot, S. P. (2016). Contradictions of Capitalism in the South African Kalahari: Indigenous Bushmen, Their Brand and in Tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24, 1211-1226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1158825
[21]
Liu, A., & Wall, G. (2006). Planning Tourism Employment: A Developing Country Perspective. Tourism Management, 27, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.08.004
[22]
Macbeth, J. (1996). Dissonance and Paradox in Tourism Planning—People First? ANZALS Leisure Research Series, 3, 2-19.
[23]
Manwa, H., & Manwa, F. (2014). Poverty Alleviation through Pro-Poor Tourism: The Role of Botswana Forest Reserves. Sustainability, 6, 5697-5713. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6095697
[24]
Mayaka, M., & Akama, J. S. (2007). Systems Approach to Tourism Training and Education: The Kenyan Case Study. Tourism Management, 28, 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.12.023
[25]
Mcgregor, S. (2005). Sustainable Consumer Empowerment through Critical Consumer Education: A Typology of Consumer Education Approaches. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 29, 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00467.x
[26]
Meyer, D. (2010a). Changing Power Relations: Foreign Direct Investment in Zanzibar. In J. Mosedale (Ed.), The Political Economy of Tourism: A Critical Perspective (p. 18). London: Routledge.
[27]
Meyer, D. (2010b). Pro-Poor Tourism: Can Tourism Contribute to Poverty Reduction in Less Economically Developed Countries? In S. Cole, & N. Morgan (Eds.), Tourism and Inequality: Problems and Prospects (pp. 164-182). London: CABI.
[28]
Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2008). Tourism and Sustainability (pp. 467-469). London: Routledge.
[29]
Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A Community Approach. New York, NY: Methuen.
[30]
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, Knowledge Transfer, and Organizational Forms. Organization Science, 11, 538-550. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.5.538.15204
[31]
Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G., & Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism Community Relationships. New York, NY: Pergamon.
[32]
Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the Empowerment of Local Communities. Tourism Management, 20, 245-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
[33]
Scheyvens, R. (2002). Tourism for Development: Empowering Communities. London: Prentice Hall.
[34]
Scheyvens, R. (2007). Exploring the Tourism-Poverty Nexus. Current Issues in Tourism, 10, 231-254. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit318.0
[35]
Scheyvens, R. (2011a). The Challenge of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Maldives: Understanding the Social and Political Dimensions of Sustainability. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 52, 148-164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2011.01447.x
[36]
Scheyvens, R. (2011b). Tourism and Poverty. London: Routledge.
[37]
Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[38]
Shawa, G., & Williams, A. (2009). Knowledge Transfer and Management in Tourism Organisations: An Emerging Research Agenda. Tourism Management, 30, 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.023
[39]
Sinclair, M. T. (1991). The Tourism Industry and Foreign Exchange Leakages in a Developing Country: The Distribution of Earnings from Safari and Beach Tourism in Kenya. In M. T. Sinclair, & M. J. Stabler (Eds.), The Tourism Industry An International Analysis (pp. 185-204). Wallingford, Oxon: CAB International.
[40]
Sofield, T. H. B., & Sofield, T. H. B. (2003). Empowerment for Sustainable Tourism Development. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
[41]
Spenceley, A. (2008). Responsible Tourism: Critical Issues for Conservation and Development. London: Routledge.
[42]
Spenceley, A., & Meyer, D. (2012). Tourism and Poverty Reduction: Theory and Practice in Less Economically Developed Countries. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20, 297-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.668909
[43]
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Modern Language Journal, 77, 129.
[44]
Tomaselli, K. (2017). Picking on the Poor: The Contradictions of Theory and Neo-Liberal Critique. A Response to Stasja Koot’s Paper on the Contradictions of Capitalism for Indigenous Tourism in the South African Kalahari. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25, 1182-1196.
[45]
Truong, V. D., Hall, C. M., & Garry, T. (2014). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: Perceptions and Experiences of Poor People in Sapa, Vietnam. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22, 1071-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.871019
[46]
Wattanakuljarus, A., & Coxhead, I. (2008). Is Tourism-Based Development Good for the Poor?: A General Equilibrium Analysis for Thailand. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30, 929-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2008.02.006
[47]
Wilkinson, P. F. (1987). Tourism in Small Island Nations: A Fragile Dependency. Leisure Studies, 6, 127-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614368700390111
[48]
Williams, S. (1998). Tourism Geography. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203197554
[49]
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[50]
Zhao, W., & Ritchie, J. R. (2007). Tourism and Poverty Alleviation: An Integrative Research Framework. Current Issues in Tourism, 10, 119-143. https://doi.org/10.2167/cit296.0
