Carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) are useful when
combined with electrochemical techniques for measuring changes in
neurotransmitter concentrations. We addressed conflicting details regarding the
use of CFEs. Experimental groups consisted of CFEs at different ages (1 week, 1
month, or 2 months), cleaned in solvents (isopropanol or xylene), and exposed
to in vitro use (flow cell
calibrations) or in vivo use (in
brain tissue). In order to determine if any of these factors affect CFE
sensitivity, the present study utilized fixed potential amperometry and a flow
injection system to calibrate CFEs for the measurement of dopamine. The
sensitivity index (nA/μM per 100 μm of exposed carbon fiber) was not affected
by the age of CFEs or pre-cleaning with xylene or isopropanol. CFE sensitivity
of the in vitro exposure group also
did not differ from untreated CFEs, indicating the calibration process did not
alter sensitivity. However, in vivo use in brain tissue did reduce sensitivity. This effect was negated and
sensitivity restored by cleaning CFEs in isopropanol or xylene following in vivo brain recordings. Given that
variations in CFE sensitivity can skew results, our findings can help
standardize CFE use and explain discrepancies between researchers.
References
[1]
Gonon, F., Buda, M., Cespuglio, R., Jouvet, M. and Pujol, J.F. (1980) In Vivo Electrochemical Detection of Catechols in the Neostriatum of Anaesthetized Rats: Dopamine or DOPAC? Nature, 286, 902-904. https://doi.org/10.1038/286902a0
[2]
Ponchon, J.L., Cespuglio, R., Gonon, F., Jouvet, M. and Pujol, J.F. (1979) Normal pulse Polarography with Carbon Fiber Electrodes for In Vitro and In Vivo Determination of Catecholamines. Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1483-1486. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50045a030
[3]
McCreery, R.L. (2008) Advanced Carbon Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry. Chemical Reviews, 108, 2646-2687. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068076m
[4]
Dayton, M.A., Ewing, A.G. and Wightman, R.M. (1981) Evaluation of Amphetamine-Induced In Vivo Electrochemical Response. European Journal of Pharmacology, 75, 141-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(81)90074-1
[5]
Dugast, C., Suaud-Chagny, M.F. and Gonon, F. (1994) Continuous In Vivo Monitoring of Evoked Dopamine Release in the Rat Nucleus Accumbens by Amperometry. Neuroscience, 62, 647-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(94)90466-9
[6]
Fielding, J.R., Rogers, T.D., Meyer, A.E., Miller, M.M., Nelms, J.L., Mittleman, G., Blaha, C.D. and Sable, H.J.K. (2013) Stimulation-Evoked Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens Following Cocaine Administration in Rats Perinatally Exposed to Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Toxicological Sciences, 136, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft171
[7]
Lester, D.B., Rogers, T.D. and Blaha, C.D. (2010) Acetylcholine-Dopamine Interactions in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of CNS Disorders. CNS Neuroscience and Therapeutics, 16, 137-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x
[8]
Logman, M.J., Budygin, E.A., Gainetdinov, R.R. and Wightman, R.M. (2000) Quantitation of In Vivo Measurements with Carbon Fiber Microelectrodes. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 95, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0270(99)00155-7
[9]
Rodeberg, N.T., Sandberg, S.G., Johnson, J.A., Phillips, P.E.M. and Wightman, R.M. (2017) Hitchhiker’s Guide to Voltammetry: Acute and Chronic Electrodes for In Vivo Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 8, 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00393
[10]
Benoit-Marand, M., Suaud-Chagny, M.F. and Gonon, F. (2007) Presynaptic Regulation of Extracellular Ddopamine as Studied by Continuous Amperometry in Anesthetized Animals. In: Michael, A.C. and Borland, L.M., Eds., Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Chapter 3.
[11]
Michael, D.J. and Wightman, R.M. (1999) Electrochemical Monitoring of Biogenic Amine Neurotransmission in Real Time. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 19, 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-7085(98)00145-9
[12]
Bath, B.D., Michael, D.J., Trafton, B.J., Joseph, J.D., Runnels, P.L. and Wightman, R.M. (2000) Subsecond Adsorption and Desorption of Dopamine at Carbon-Fiber Microelectrodes. Analytical Chemistry, 72, 5994-6002. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac000849y
[13]
Ramsson, E.S., Cholger, D., Dionise, A., Poirier, N., Andrus, A. and Curtiss, R. (2015) Characterization of Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetric Electrodes Using Paraffin as an Effective Sealant with In Vitro and In Vivo Applications. PLoS One, 10, e0141340. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141340
[14]
Budai, D. (2010) Carbon Fiber-Based Microelectrodes and Microbiosensors. In Intelligent and Biosensors. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/7158
[15]
Zhang, D.A., Rand, E., Marsh, M., Andrews, R.J., Lee, K.H., Meyyappan, M. and Koehne, J.E. (2013) Carbon Nanofiber Electrode for Neurochemical Monitoring. Molecular Neurobiology, 48, 380-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-013-8531-6
[16]
Niaz, K., Bahadar, H., Magbool, F. and Abdollahi, M. (2015) A Review of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Xylene and Its Health Concerns. EXCLI Journal, 14, 1167-1186.
