The relationship between conceptions of masculinity and sport injuries is presented in this paper describing how male gym users, including bodybuilders and fitness practitioners, have shown risk behaviors that are typical of their gender. A qualitative and quantitative study was applied as a part of the methodology at a gym in the city of Hermosillo, Mexico, focusing on injury risks related to masculinity and their prevention. Questionnaire of injuries disposition and in-depth interviews were applied to gym users. Most of the surveyed users showed knowledge of the proper use of gym equipment and stretching and warming techniques as well as the support of the gym instructors. The main cause of injuries is related to behaviors, since they chose not to ask for instructions to show power and strength to others as a result of the male competitive tension that exists among them due to conceptions of masculinity. It is concluded that, in fact, there is a relationship between conceptions of masculinity and sport injuries. Users report the existence of social tension and that for the sole reason of being male they feel the responsibility and obligation of being the best without taking any prevention or safety measure.
References
[1]
Alfaro Gandarillas, E., Bengoechea Bartolomé, M., & Vázquez Gómez, B. (2011). Hablamos de deporte (pp. 1-1). Madrid: Instituto de la Mujer. http://www.csd.gob.es/csd/estaticos/myd/hablamos_deporte.pdf
[2]
Baquerizo Ordoñez, V. G. (2014). Implementación de programa de kinefilaxia para lesiones musculares por sobrecarga en personas de 25 a 35 años que realizan actividad física en el Macro Gym de la Federación Deportiva del Guayas de la ciudad de Guayaquil. Universidad Católica de Santiago. http://repositorio.ucsg.edu.ec/bitstream/3317/2750/1/T-UCSG-PRE-MED-TERA-19.pdf
[3]
Bergara, A., Rivere, J., & Bacete, R. (2008). Los hombres, la igualdad y las nuevas masculinidades. Ed. EMAKUNDE-Instituto Vasco de la Mujer. http://www.aulaviolenciadegeneroenlocal.es/consejosescolares/ archivos/P_013_los_hombres_la_igualdad.pdf
[4]
CGE-I (2006). Sports, Media and Stereotypes Women and Men in Sports and Media. Akureyri: Centre for Gender Equality. http://www.mujerydeporte.org/documentos/docs/sms_summary_report.pdf
[5]
Connell, R. W. (1997). La organización social de la masculinidad. In T. Valdes & J. Olavarría (Eds.), Masculinidad/es: Poder y crisis (pp. 31-48). Santiago: ISIS International. http://joseolavarria.cl/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2014/08 /Masculinidad-poder-y-crisis-Valdes-y-Olavarria.pdf
[6]
Faur, E. (2004). Masculinidades y Desarrollo Social: Las relaciones de género desde la perspectiva de los hombres (pp. 1-315). Bogotá: UNICEF Colombia. https://www.unicef.org/ecuador/masculinidades.pdf
[7]
Hardy, E., & Jiménez, A. L. (2001). Políticas y Estrategias en Salud Pública. Revista Cubana Salud Pública, 27, 77-88. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/rcsp/v27n2/spu01201.pdf
[8]
Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres (2010). Política nacional de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres. Ciudad de México: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres, INMUJERES. http://cedoc.inmujeres.gob.mx/documentos_download/101163.pdf
[9]
Kaltenborn, M. (2015). Introduction: Social Rights as a Legal Framework for International Development Strategies. In Social Rights and International Development. Springer Briefs in Law. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45352-0_1
[10]
Kaufman, M. (1999). Las siete P’s de la violencia de los hombres. http://www.michaelkaufman.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01 /kaufman-las-siete-ps-de-la-violencia-de-los-hombres-spanish.pdf
[11]
Latorre, P. A., & Pantoja, A. (2013). Design and Validation of a Propensity to Sports Accident Questionnaire. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 13, 51-62. http://revistas.um.es/cpd/article/view/177191
[12]
McBain, K., Shrier, I., Shultz, R., Meeuwisse, W. H., Klügl, M., Garza, D., & Matheson, G. O. (2012). Prevention of Sports Injury I: A Systematic Review of Applied Biomechanics and Physiology Outcomes Research. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.080929
[13]
Mora, L., Fritz, H., & Valdés, T. (2006). Igualdad y equidad de género: Aproximación teórico-conceptual. UNFPA 1, 143. http://www.entremundos.org/databases/Herramient as%20de%20trabajo%20en%20genero%20UNFPA.pdf
[14]
OECD (2008). Declaración de París sobre la eficacia de la ayuda al desarrollo y programa de acción de accra. http://www.oecd.org/dac/effectiveness/34580968.pdf
[15]
Pérez Castro Vazquez, J. C. (2003). La variable de la masculinidad en los procesos para el desarrollo sustentable, experiencia y marco teórico. La Ventana, 17, 250-302. http://148.202.18.157/sitios/publicacionesite/pperiod/laventan/Ventana17/17-8.pdf
[16]
Ristolainen, L., Heinonen, A., Waller, B., Kujala, U. M., & Kettunen, J. A. (2009). Gender Differences in Sport Injury Risk and Types of Injuries: A Retrospective Twelve-Month Study on Cross-Country Skiers, Swimmers, Long-Distance Runners and Soccer Players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8, 443-451. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150009
[17]
Ristolainen, L., Kettunen, J. A., Kujala, U. M., & Heinonen, A. (2012). Sport Injuries as the Main Cause of Sport Career Termination among Finnish Top-Level Athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 12, 274-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.566365
[18]
Rodríguez Pizarro, A. N., & Ibarra Melo, M. E. (2013). Los estudios de género en Colombia. Una discusión preliminar. Revista Sociedad Y Economía, 24, 15-46. http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/996/99629534002.pdf
[19]
Téllez Infantes, A., & Verdú Delgado, A. D. (2011). The Meaning of the Masculinity for the Social Analysis. Revista Nuevas Tendencias En Antropología, No. 2, 80-103. http://www.revistadeantropologia.es/Textos /N2/El%20significado%20de%20la%20masculinidad.pdf
[20]
UN (2015). Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, 42809, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2
