全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Research Progress on Aging Mechanisms

DOI: 10.4236/aar.2016.52005, PP. 49-57

Keywords: Aging, Free Radical, Lipoprotein, Apoptosis, Mitochondrial DNA, Genes, Immune System

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Aging refers to a gradual process of functional and organic recession with the age increased after the organism maturing. Many researchers have tried to elucidate aging mechanism which includes the free radical theory: free radicals can become lipofuscin and cause the mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and the damage of the nuclear DNA. From the view of heredity, aging is the results of the activation and inhibition of a series of genes as well as the products of their interaction. From the changes of immune function theory, it points out that aging is attributed to the decline of immune responses and the increase of autoimmune reactions.

References

[1]  Kim, Sh.S.H., Kaminker, P. and Campisi, J. (2002) Telomeres, Aging and Cancer: In Search of a Happy Ending. Oncogene, 21, 503-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205077
[2]  Reaper, P.M., di Fagagna, F. and Jackson, S.P. (2004) Activation of the DNA Damage Response by Telomere Attrition: A Passage to Cellular Senescence. Cell Cycle, 3, 543-546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.3.5.835
[3]  Salminen, A. and Kaarniranta, K. (2010) Genetics vs. Entropy: Longevity Factors Suppress the NF-κB-Driven Entropic Aging Process. Ageing Research Reviews, 9, 298-314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2009.11.001
[4]  Oberdoerffer, P. and Sinclair, D.A. (2007) The Role of Nuclear Architecture in Genomic Instability and Ageing. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 8, 692-702.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2238
[5]  Oberdoerffer, P., Michan, S., McVay, M., et al. (2008) SIRT1 Redistribution on Chromatin Promotes Genomic Stability but Alters Gene Expression during Aging. Cell, 135, 907-918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.10.025
[6]  Frisard, M. and Ravussin, E. (2006) Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress—Impact on the Metabolic Syndrome and the Aging Process. Endocrine, 29, 27-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:29:1:27
[7]  Balaban R.S., Nemoto, S. and Finkel, T. (2005) Mitochondria, Mitochondria, Oxidants, and Aging. Cell, 120, 483-495.
[8]  Garinis, G.A., van der Horst, G.T., Vijg, J. and Hoeijmakers, J.H. (2008) DNA Damage and Ageing: New-Age Ideas for an Age-Old Problem. Nature Cell Biology, 10, 1241-1247.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1108-1241
[9]  Garinis, G.A., Uittenboogaard, L.M., Stachelscheid, H., et al. (2009) Persistent Transcription Blocking DNA Lesions Trigger Somatic Growth Attenuation Associated with Longevity. Nature Cell Biology, 11, 604-615.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1866
[10]  Scaffidi, P. and Misteli, T. (2008) Lamin A-Dependent Misregulation of Adult Stem Cells Associated with Accelerated Ageing. Nature Cell Biology, 10, 452-459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb1708
[11]  Hetz, C.A. (2007) ER Stress Signaling and the BCL-2 Family of Proteins: From Adaptation to Irreversible Cellular Damage. Antioxidants Redox Signal, 9, 2345-2355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1793
[12]  Brunk, U. and Terman, A. (2002) Lipofuscin: Mechanisms of Age-Related Accumulation and Influence on Cell Function. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 33, 611-619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00959-0
[13]  Pardon, M.C. (2007) Stress and Ageing Interactions. A Paradox in the Context of Shared Etiological and Physiopathological Processes. Brain Research Reviews, 54, 251-273.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.02.007
[14]  Limoli, C.L., Kaplan, M.I., Giedzinski, E., et al. (2001) Attenuation of Radiation-Reduced Genomic Instability by Free Radical Scavengers and Cellular Proliferation. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 31, 10-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(01)00542-1
[15]  Barja, G. (2004) Free Radicals and Aging. Trends in Neurosciences, 27, 595-600.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.005
[16]  Green, D.R. and Reed, J.C. (1998) Mitochondria and Apoptosis. Science, 281, 1309-1312.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1309
[17]  Gustafsson, A.B. and Gottlieb, R.A. (2008) Heart Mitochondria: Gates of Life and Death. Cardiovascular Research, 77, 334-343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvm005
[18]  Reddy, P.H. (2006) Amyloid Precursor Protein-Mediated Free Radicals and Oxidative Damage: Implications for the Development and Progression of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 96, 1-13.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03530.x
[19]  Melov, S, Shoffner, J.M., Kaufman, A., et al. (1995) MtDNA Marked Increase in the Number and Variety of Mitochondrial DNA Rearrangements in Human Skeletal Muscle. Nucleic Acids Research, 23, 4122-4126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/23.20.4122
[20]  Zhang, C., Liu, V.W., Addessi, C.L., et al. (1998) Differential Occurrence of Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA of Human Skeletal Muscle during Aging. Human Mutation, 11, 360-371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)11:5<360::AID-HUMU3>3.0.CO;2-U
[21]  Blackburn, E.H., Greider, C.W. and Szostak, J.W. (2006) Telomeres and Telomerase. The Path from Maize, Tetrahymena and Yeast to Human Cancer and Aging. Nature Medicine, 12, 1133-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1006-1133
[22]  Hahn, W.C. and Meyerson, M. (2001) Telomerase Activation, Cellular Immortalization and Cancer. Annals of Medicine, 33, 123-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890109002067
[23]  Harley, C.B. and Villeponteau, B. (1995) Telomeres and Telomerase in Aging and Cancer. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 5, 249-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0959-437X(95)80016-6
[24]  Sugimoto, M., Yamashita, R. and Ueda, M. (2006) Telomere Length of the Skin in Association with Chronological Aging and Photoaging. Journal of Dermatological Science, 43, 43-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.02.004
[25]  Stewart, S.A., Ben-Porath, I., Carey, V.J., et al. (2003) Erosion of the Telomeric Single-Strand Overhang at Replicative Senescence. Nature Genetics, 33, 492-496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1127
[26]  Feng, R.H., Zhu, Z.G., Li, J.F., et al. (2002) Inhibition of Human Telomerase in MKN-45 Cell Line by Antisense hTR Expression Vector Induces Cell Apoptosis and Growth Arrest. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 8, 436-440.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v8.i3.436
[27]  Fleisig, H.B. and Wong, J.M. (2007) Telomerase as a Clinical Target: Current Strategies and Potential Applications. Experimental Gerontology, 42, 102-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2006.05.011
[28]  Masutomi, K., Yu, E.Y., Khurts, S., et al. (2003) Telomerase Maintains Telomere Structure in Normal Human Cells. Cell, 114, 241-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00550-6
[29]  Hoeijmakers, J.H.J. (2009) DNA Damage, Aging, and Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 1475-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0804615
[30]  Harper, J.W. and Elledge, S.J. (2007) The DNA Damage Response: Ten Years after. Molecular Cell, 28, 739-745.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2007.11.015
[31]  Meites J. (1988) Neuroendocrine Biomarkers of Aging in the Rat. Experimental Gerontology, 23, 349-358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0531-5565(88)90037-X
[32]  Dejaco, C., Duftner, C. and Schirme, M. (2006) Are Regulatory T-Cells Linked with Aging? Experimental Gerontology, 41, 339-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2006.01.008
[33]  Malaguarnera, L., Ferlito, L., Imbesi, R.M., et al. (2001) Immunosenescence: A Review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 32, 1-14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4943(00)00086-8
[34]  Sawin, S., Clise-Dwyer, K. and Haynes, L. (2005) Homeostasis and the Age-Associated Defect of CD4 T Cell. Seminars in Immunology, 17, 370-377.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.007
[35]  Akira, S., Hirano, T., Taga, T. and Kishimoto, T. (1990) Biology of Multifunctional Cytokines: IL 6 and Related Molecules (IL 1 and TNF). The FASEB Journal, 4, 2860-2867.
[36]  Huang, H., Pate, D.D. and Manton, K.G. (2005) The Immune System in Aging: Roles of Cytokines, T Cell and NK Cells. Frontiers in Bioscience, 10, 192-215.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1521

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133