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大气科学  2006 

一类华南锋前暖区暴雨β中尺度系统环境特征的分析研究

DOI: 10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2006.05.26

Keywords: 华南致洪暴雨,季风环流,中尺度地形,行星边界层,中尺度对流系统

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Abstract:

对2005年6月一次引发珠江(西江)流域致洪暴雨的环流特征和影响系统,尤其是β中尺度系统的环境场进行了研究.这次暴雨具有明显的多尺度特征,涉及到季风的活动、边界层的影响、地形的动力作用等.得到如下结果:(1)南海季风爆发推迟而后持续影响华南,西风带急流以及副热带高压位置均明显偏南,且副高脊线稳定维持在18°N左右,为6月中下旬暴雨在华南地区持续发生提供了稳定的大尺度环流条件.(2)这是一类华南前汛期锋前暖区暴雨.在该时段,华南地区始终维持一条近于东西向的准静止锋,这在卫星云图上清晰可见.锋生函数的计算结果表明,弱冷空气的作用明显.经向剖面分析揭示出:锋前有明显的上升运动区存在,非常有利于中尺度对流的发生发展.北方的弱冷空气与副高西北的暖湿气流之间存在明显的中低纬度系统的相互作用.(3)低空偏南气流的风速辐合场,在925hPa层上最明显.表明在这次华南暴雨过程中行星边界层有很重要的作用.不但从中南半岛和南中国海输送了大量水汽至暴雨区,而且其前方的风速强辐合区,对于对流的启动很有帮助.就启动机制而言,该风速辐合区可能与1998年华南暴雨的风向辐合区有一些差异.(4)南岭山脉的喇叭口地形,对偏南暖湿气流有明显的辐合抬升作用,使垂直运动进一步增强,有利于暴雨的发生.华南(尤其是西江流域)的特殊地形是持续性暴雨产生的重要条件之一.(5)中尺度对流雨团是这次致洪暴雨的直接影响系统.至少有4个β中尺度雨团(A、B、C、D)在西江流域发生发展.上述雨团A和雨团D分别出现于桂林和梧州等测站附近.该研究集中对中尺度雨团A、D的环境特征作了分析.低空风速辐合中心反复向暴雨区"冲击",暴雨区对流有效位能一次次积累、释放,而又重建.在这种环境下,中尺度对流系统与强降雨云团,此起彼伏,频繁发生.加之对流雨团受环境流场影响"追随"洪峰向下游移动,使暴雨和洪水"叠加"或"遭遇",加重了洪涝灾害的影响.

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