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京郊典型作物生产体系施肥环境影响的生命周期评价

Keywords: 生命周期评价(LCA),施肥,环境影响,冬小麦-夏玉米,露地蔬菜

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Abstract:

以北京市顺义区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作和露地蔬菜两种作物生产体系为对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,综合考虑全球变暖、环境酸化、水体富营养化、土壤毒性、能源消耗和淡水资源消耗6种环境影响类型,分别以年产1t作物产品干物质和种植1hm2作物为评价功能单元,系统研究了施肥的资源环境影响潜力。结果表明:对于大田作物和露地蔬菜生产系统,年产1t产品(干物质)施肥的综合环境影响指数分别为0.46和2.11,种植1hm2作物施肥的综合环境影响指数则分别为4.74和26.77;农田种植环节环境影响潜力的贡献分别占大田作物和露地蔬菜整个生命周期环境影响潜值的95.1%和99.1%,远远大于肥料生产环节;大田作物和露地蔬菜生产过程中的环境影响潜力均表现为水体富营养化>环境酸化>全球变暖>淡水资源消耗>能源消耗>土壤毒性;肥料氨挥发是引起水体富营养化和环境酸化的主要途径,硝态氮和总磷的淋洗径流损失也是水体富营养化的主要来源。优化施肥量是控制作物生产施肥潜在环境影响的关键。

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