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草业学报  2014 

全膜覆土穴播冬小麦农田土壤含水率与耗水量时空动态

DOI: 10.11686/cyxb20140116, PP. 131-141

Keywords: 覆膜覆土,全生育期,穴播,冬小麦,含水率,耗水量

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Abstract:

2008—2010年度,通过田间试验,研究了全膜全生育期覆土穴播平作栽培技术(简称M)对冬小麦全生育期0~100cm土层内土壤含水率和耗水量时空动态的影响,以期为提高全膜覆盖冬小麦土壤水分利用效率、优化地膜覆盖技术提供理论参考。设计M和露地(CK)、10粒/穴密度(相当于267.75kg/hm2的播种量)、重复3次、随机区组排列的二因素试验。结果表明,M全生育期显著影响到30~40cm和40~50cm土层水分;M在抽穗和灌浆前期能够显著影响30~50cm土层含水率,使供水峰值提前出现。M灌浆中、后期能够充分调动50~60cm水分到0~30cm土层,对60~70cm产生显著的提升作用以补充上层水分的亏缺。M也有效拉升70~90cm区域水分的向地表运动,作为重要的水源在生长关键期发挥有效补给作用。本试验结果同时表明,M的水分利用高效区域主要发生在0~90cm;对90~100cm含水率和耗水量动态变化的分析表明,M效应可以达到100cm以下。露地栽培(CK)在相同时期、相同土层,水分补给现象不显著;在灌浆中、后期,对50~70cm水分的利用率较高,造成阶段性的水分高消耗和含水率快速降低现象,无法及时获得补给;对水分的利用主要发生在0~70cm土层。此外,M最大的效应之一就是在生育期内、0~40cm土层内拥有的水分含量总体远高于CK。对各层相关分析表明,取样层次、取样阶段、覆膜与含水率存在显著关系;M条件下,水分呈连续体,在补给、平衡能力方面显著高于CK,从而保证了小麦的生长。该技术能够显著提升中、深层土壤水分,有效保蓄土壤水分,从而增强小麦抗旱能力;其对旱地冬小麦生产或可产生较大的影响,值得进一步深入研究。较之以往雨养旱区小麦覆膜技术有突破,即全生育期全地面平作覆膜、膜上覆土1~2cm、一膜多年连用、免耕,解决了苗穴错位、前期低温有碍生长、后期高温逼熟问题,达到变无效降水为一部分或绝大部分有效、高效保墒、增温提墒、调动中深层水分的效果。

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