全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

Distinct Leishmania Species Infecting Wild Caviomorph Rodents (Rodentia: Hystricognathi) from Brazil

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003389

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Background Caviomorph rodents, some of the oldest Leishmania spp. hosts, are widely dispersed in Brazil. Despite both experimental and field studies having suggested that these rodents are potential reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, not more than 88 specimens were analyzed in the few studies of natural infection. Our hypothesis was that caviomorph rodents are inserted in the transmission cycles of Leishmania in different regions, more so than is currently recognized. Methodology We investigated the Leishmania infection in spleen fragments of 373 caviomorph rodents from 20 different species collected in five Brazilian biomes in a period of 13 years. PCR reactions targeting kDNA of Leishmania sp. were used to diagnose infection, while Leishmania species identification was performed by DNA sequencing of the amplified products obtained in the HSP70 (234) targeting. Serology by IFAT was performed on the available serum of these rodents. Principal findings In 13 caviomorph rodents, DNA sequencing analyses allowed the identification of 4 species of the subgenus L. (Viannia): L. shawi, L. guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. braziliensis; and 1 species of the subgenus L. (Leishmania): L. infantum. These include the description of parasite species in areas not previously included in their known distribution: L. shawi in Thrichomys inermis from Northeastern Brazil and L. naiffi in T. fosteri from Western Brazil. From the four other positive rodents, two were positive for HSP70 (234) targeting but did not generate sequences that enabled the species identification, and another two were positive only in kDNA targeting. Conclusions/Significance The infection rate demonstrated by the serology (51.3%) points out that the natural Leishmania infection in caviomorph rodents is much higher than that observed in the molecular diagnosis (4.6%), highlighting that, in terms of the host species responsible for maintaining Leishmania species in the wild, our current knowledge represents only the “tip of the iceberg.”

References

[1]  Fraga J, Montalvo AM, De Doncker S, Dujardin JC, Van der Auwera G (2010) Phylogeny of Leishmania species based on the heat-shock protein 70 gene. Infect Genet Evol 10: 238–245.
[2]  Ba?uls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F (2007) Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol 64: 1–109.
[3]  Ashford RW (1996) Leishmaniasis reservoir and their significance in control. Clin Dermat 14: 523–32.
[4]  Rotureau B (2006) Ecology of the Leishmania species in the Guianan ecoregion complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 81–96.
[5]  Grimaldi Jr G, Tesh RB, McMahon-Pratt D (1989) A review of the geographic distribution and epidemiology of leishmaniasis in The New World. Am J Trop Med Hyg 41: 687–725.
[6]  Ministério da Saúde (2006) Manual de vigilancia e controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. 1st Edition. Brasília, DF; Brazil. 120 p.
[7]  Ministério Da Saúde (2010) Manual de vigilancia e controle da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. 2nd Edition. Brasília, DF; Brazil. 182 p.
[8]  Roque ALR, Jansen AM. Hospedeiros e reservatórios de Leishmania sp. e sua importancia na manuten??o dos Ciclos de Transmiss?o nos ambientes silvestre e Sinantrópico. In: Concei??o-Silva F, De-Simone SG, Alves CR, Porrozzi R. Quest?es atuais em leishmanioses do continente americano. Editora Fiocruz. In press.
[9]  Roque ALR, Jansen AM (2010) Reservatórios do Trypanosoma cruzi e sua rela??o com os vetores. In: Vetores da doen?a de Chagas no Brasil. Editora Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro.
[10]  Reithinger R, Dujardin JC (2007) Molecular diagnosis of leishmaniasis: Current status and future applications. J Clin Microbiol 45: 21–25.
[11]  Goto H, Lindoso JA (2010) Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8: 419–433.
[12]  Sch?nian G, Kuhls K, Mauricio IL (2011) Molecular approaches for a better understanding of the epidemiology and population genetics of Leishmania. Parasitology 138: 405–425.
[13]  Lopez M, Inga R, Cangalaya M, Echevarria J, Llanos-Cuentas A, et al. (1993) Diagnosis of Leishmania using the polymerase chain reaction: a simplified procedure for field work. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 348–356.
[14]  Degrave W, Fernandes O, Campbell D, Bozza M, Lopes U (1994) Use of molecular probes and PCR for detection and typing of Leishmania - a mini-review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 89: 463–469.
[15]  Volpini AC, Passos VMA, Oliveira GC, Romanha AJ (2004) PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and L. (Leishmania) amazonensis causing American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 90: 31–37.
[16]  Ampuero J, Rios AP, Carranza-Tamayo CO, Romero GA (2009) Genus-specific kinetoplast-DNA PCR and parasite culture for the diagnosis of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: applications for clinical trials under field conditions in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 104: 992–997.
[17]  Roque ALR, Cupolillo E, Marchevsky RS, Jansen AM (2010) Thrichomys laurentius (Rodentia; Echimydae) as a Putative Reservoir of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis: Patterns of Experimental Infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: 1–8.
[18]  Sch?nian G, Mauricio I, Cupolillo E (2010) Is it time to revise the nomenclature of Leishmania? Trends Parasitol 26: 466–469.
[19]  da Gra?a GC, Volpini AC, Romero GA, de Oliveira Neto MP, Hueb M, et al. (2012) Development and validation of PCR-based assays for diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and identification of the parasite species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 107: 664–674.
[20]  Bonvicino CR, Oliveira JA, D'Andrea PS (2008) Guia dos Roedores do Brasil, com chaves para gêneros baseadas em caracteres externos. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Pan-Americano de Febre Aftosa – OPAS/OMS. 120 p.
[21]  Flynn JJ, Wyss AR (1998) Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology. Trends Ecol. Evol 13: 449–454.
[22]  Thomaz-Soccol V, Lanotte G, Rioux Já, Pratlong F, Martini-Dumas A, et al. (1993) Monophyletic origin of the genus Leishmania Ross, 1903. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 68: 107–108.
[23]  Dantas-Torres F (2007) The role of dogs as reservoirs of Leishmania parasites, with emphasis on Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Vet Parasitol 10: 139–146.
[24]  Pita-Pereira D, Souza GD, Zwetsch A, Alves CA, Britto C, et al. (2009) Short Report: First Report of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) neivai (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) Naturally Infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a Periurban Area of South Brazil Using a Multiplex Polymerase chain Reaction Assay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 80: 593–595.
[25]  Shimabukuro PH, da Silva TR, Ribeiro FO, Baton LA, Galati EA (2010) Geographical distribution of American cutaneous leishmaniasis and its phlebotomine vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the state of S?o Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 3: 121.
[26]  Humberg RM, Oshiro ET, Cruz Mdo S, Ribolla PE, Alonso DP, et al. (2012) Leishmania chagasi in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) in an urban area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87: 470–472.
[27]  Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Povoa M (1981) The importance of edentates (sloths and anteaters) as primary reservoirs of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, causative agent of “pianbois” in north Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 75: 611–612.
[28]  Oliveira FS, Pirmez C, Pires MQ, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS (2005) PCR-based diagnosis for detection of Leishmania in skin and blood of rodents from an endemic area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol 129(3–4): 219–227.
[29]  Quaresma PF, Rêgo FD, Botelho HA, da Silva SR, Moura AJ Jr, et al. (2011) Wild, synanthropic and domestic hosts of Leishmania in an endemic area of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 105: 579–585.
[30]  Travi BL, Arteaga LT, Leon AP, Adler GH (2002) Susceptibility of spiny rats (Proechimys semispinosus) to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 97: 887–892.
[31]  Herrera HM, Norek A, Freitas TPT, Rademaker V, Fernandes O, et al. (2005) Domestic and wild mammals infection by Trypanosoma evansi in a pristine area of the Brazilian Pantanal region. Parasitol Res 96: 121–126.
[32]  Roque ALR, D Andrea PS, Andrade GB, Jansen AM (2005) Trypanosoma cruzi: Distinct patterns of infection in the sibling caviomorph rodent species Thrichomys apereoides laurentius and Thrichomys pachyurus (Rodentia, Echimyidae). Exp Parasitol 111: 37–46.
[33]  Rademaker V, Herrera HM, Raffel TR, D Andrea PS, Freitas TPT, et al. (2009) What is the role of small rodents in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi (Kinetoplastida Trypanosomatidae)? A study case in the Brazilian Pantanal. ActaTrop 111: 102–107.
[34]  Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41: 95–98.
[35]  Gordon D (2002) Viewing and Editing Assembled Sequences Using Consed. Current Protocols in Bioinformatics: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[36]  Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) Software Version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24: 1596–1599.
[37]  Camargo ME (1966) Fluorescent antibody test for the serodiagnosis of American trypanosomiasis. Technical modification employing preserved culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in a slide test. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 8: 227–235.
[38]  Herrera L, Xavier SCC, Viegas C, Martinez C, Cotias PM, et al. (2004) Trypanosoma cruzi in a caviomorph rodent: parasitological and features of the experimental infection of Thrichomys apereoides (Rodentia: Echimidae). Exp Parasitol 107: 78–88.
[39]  Barreto ML, Teixeira MG, Bastos FI, Ximenes RAA, Barata RB, et al. (2011) Sucessos e Fracassos no Controle de Doen?as Infecciosas no Brasil: O Contexto Social e Ambiental, Políticas, Interven??es e Necessidades de Pesquisa. Lancet. Saúde no Brasil 3: 47–60 Available at: . Accessed 20 March, 2014.
[40]  Harhay MO, Olliaro PL, Costa DL, Costa CH (2011) Urban parasitology: visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Trends Parasitol 27: 403–409.
[41]  Marlow MA, da Silva Mattos M, Makowiecky ME, Eger I, Rossetto AL, et al. (2013) Divergent Profile of Emerging Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Subtropical Brazil: New Endemic Areas in the Southern Frontier. PLoS One 8: e56177.
[42]  Voloch CM, Vilela JF, Loss-Oliveira L, Schrago CG (2013) Phylogeny and chronology of the major lineages of New World hystricognath rodents: insights on the biogeography of the Eocene/Oligocene arrival of mammals in South America. BMC Res Notes 6: 160.
[43]  Herrera L, D'Andrea PS, Xavier SCC, Mangia RH, Fernandes O, et al. (2005) Trypanosoma cruzi infection in wild mammals of the National Park ‘Serra da Capivara’ and its surroundings (Piauí, Brazil), an area endemic for Chagas disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 379–388.
[44]  Herrera HM, Rademaker V, Abreu UGP, D'Andrea PS, Jansen AM (2007) Variables that modulate the spatial distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi in the Brazilian Pantanal. Acta Trop 102: 55–62.
[45]  Lainson R, Braga RR, de Souza AA, Povoa MM, Ishikawa EA, et al. (1989) Leishmania (Viannia) shawi sp. n., a parasite of monkeys, sloths and procyonids in Amazonian Brazil. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 64: 200–207.
[46]  Mato Grosso do Sul (2012) Governo do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Secretaria de Saúde de Saúde do Estado Estadual de Vigilancia Epidemiológica Coordenadoria. Estadual de Zoonoses Gerência. Informe epidemiológico das leishmanioses n° 4/2012. Campo Grande
[47]  Antonialli SAC, Torres TG, Paranhos Filho AC, Tolezano JE (2007) Spatial analysis of American Visceral Leishmaniasis in Mato Grosso do Sul State, Central Brazil. J Infect 54: 509–514.
[48]  Pita-Pereira D, Cardoso MA, Alves CR, Brazil RP, Britto C (2008) Detection of natural infection in Lutzomyia cruzi and Lutzomyia forattinii (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) by Leishmania infantum chagasi in an endemic area of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil using a PCR multiplex assay. Acta Trop 107: 66–9.
[49]  Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Silveira FT, Braga RR, Ishikawa EA (1990) Cutaneous leishmaniasis of man due to Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi. Lainson and Shaw, 1989. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 65: 282–284.
[50]  Naiffi RD, Freitas RA, Naiffi MF, Arias JR, Barret TV, et al. (1991) Epidemiological and nosological aspects of Leishmania naiffi. Lainson & Shaw, 1989. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 86: 317–321.
[51]  Azpurua J, De La Cruz D, Valderama A, Windsor D (2010) Lutzomyia sand fly diversity and rates of infection by Wolbachia and an exotic Leishmania species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4: 627.
[52]  Werneck GL, Costa CH (2005) Utiliza??o de dados censitários em substitui??o a informa??es socioecon?micas obtidas no nível individual: uma avalia??o empírica. Epidemiol Serv Saúde 14: 143–150.
[53]  Nascimento EL, Martins DR, Monteiro GR, Barbosa JD, Ximenes MF, et al. (2008) Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Postscript: new challenges in the epidemiology of Leishmania chagasi infection. Cad Saude Publica 24: 2964–2967.
[54]  Werneck GL (2008) Forum: geographic spread and urbanization of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Introduction. Cad Saude Publica 24: 2937–2940.
[55]  de Almeida AS, Medronho Rde A, Werneck GL (2011) Identification of risk areas for visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Piaui State, Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84: 681–687.
[56]  Ready PD, Arias JR, Freitas RA (1985) A pilot study to control Lutzomyia umbratilis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the major vector of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, in a peri-urban rainforest of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. Mem Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 80: 27–36.
[57]  Volpini AC, Marques MJ, dos Santos SL, Machado-Coelho GL, Mayrink W, Romanha AJ (2006) Leishmania identification by PCR of Giemsa-stained lesion imprint slides stored for up to 36 years. Clin Microbiol Infect 12: 815–818.

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133