This study examines
the convergence of energy productivity at the sectoral level across 35 Asian
countries from 1991 to 2011 by using the spatial panel data approach. The
results reveal that mixed evidence of convergence process in the sectoral
energy productivity for these 35 Asian countries. We found beta-convergence
process exists in energy productivity in the construction, manufacturing,
mining; manufacturing and utilities, transport; storage and communications, and
wholesale; retail trade; restaurants and hotels sectors. While there is no
evidence of energy productivity convergence in the agriculture; hunting;
forestry and fishing sector over the study period. Moreover, the spatial
spillover effect has a positive impact on the sectoral energy productivity
growth in 35 Asian countries.
References
[1]
Islam, N. (2003) Productivity Dynamics in a Large Sample of Countries: A Panel Study. Review of Income and Wealth, 49, 247-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4991.00085
[2]
Abreu, M., de Groot, H.L.F. and Florax, R.J.G.M. (2005) A Meta-Analysis of β-Convergence: The Legendary 2%. Journal of Economic Survey, 19, 389-420.
[3]
Strazicich, M.C. and List, J.A. (2003) Are CO2 Emission Levels Converging among Industrial Countries? Environmental and Resource Economics, 24, 263-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022910701857
[4]
Aldy, J.E. (2006) Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Convergence or Divergence? Environmental and Resource Economics, 33, 533-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-005-6160-x
[5]
Romero-ávila, D. (2008) Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions among Industrialised Countries Revisited. Energy Economics, 30, 2265-2282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.06.003
[6]
Jakob, M., Haller, M. and Marschinski, R. (2012) Will History Repeat Itself? Economic Convergence and Convergence in Energy Use Patterns. Energy Economics, 34, 95-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2011.07.008
[7]
Mohammadi, H. and Ram, R. (2012) Cross-Country Convergence in Energy and Electricity Consumption, 1971-2007. Energy Economics, 34, 1882-1887.
[8]
Meng, M., Payne, J.E. and Lee, J. (2013) Convergence in Per Capita Energy Use among OECD Countries. Energy Economics, 36, 536-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.11.002
[9]
Maza, A. and Villaverde, J. (2008) The World Per Capita Electricity Consumption Distribution: Signs of Convergence? Energy Policy, 36, 4255-4261.
[10]
Liddle, B. (2009) Electricity Intensity Convergence in IEA/OECD Countries: Aggregate and Sectoral Analysis. Energy Policy, 37, 1470-1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.006
[11]
Markandya, A., Pedroso-Galinato, S. and Streimikiene, D. (2006) Energy Intensity in Transition Economies: Is There Convergence towards the EU Average? Energy Economics, 28, 121-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.10.005
[12]
Ezcurra, R. (2007) Distribution Dynamics of Energy Intensities: A Cross-Country Analysis. Energy Policy, 35, 5254-5259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.05.006
[13]
Le Pen, Y. and Sevi, B. (2010) On the Non-Convergence of Energy Intensities: Evidence from a Pair-Wise Econometric Approach. Ecological Economics, 69, 641-650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.10.001
[14]
Liddle, B. (2010) Revisiting World Energy Intensity Convergence for Regional Differences. Applied Energy, 87, 3218-3225. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.03.030
[15]
Duro, J.A. and Padilla, E. (2011) Inequality across Countries in Energy Intensities: An Analysis of the Role of Energy Transformation and Final Energy Consumption. Energy Economics, 33, 474-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.12.008
[16]
Miketa, A. and Mulder, P. (2005) Energy Productivity across Developed and Developing Countries in 10 Manufacturing Sectors: Patterns of Growth and Convergence. Energy Economics, 27, 429-453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2005.01.004
[17]
Mulder, P. and De Groot, H.L.F. (2007) Sectoral Energy- and Labour-Productivity Convergence. Environmental and Resource Economics, 36, 85-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9042-y
[18]
Mulder, P. and de Groot, H.L.F. (2012) Structural Change and Convergence of Energy Intensity across OECD Countries, 1970-2005. Energy Economics, 34, 1910-1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.023
[19]
Mulder, P., de Groot, H.L.F. and Pfeiffer, B. (2014) Analysis. Dynamics and Determinants of Energy Intensity in the Service Sector: A Cross-Country Analysis, 1980-2005. Ecological Economics, 100, 1-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.01.016
[20]
Yu, H. (2012) The Influential Factors of China’s Regional Energy Intensity and Its Spatial Linkages: 1988-2007. Energy Policy, 45, 583-593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.009
[21]
Adhikari, D. and Chen, Y. (2014) Energy Productivity Convergence in Asian Countries: A Spatial Panel Data Approach. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6, 94-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n7p94
[22]
Mulder, P., Florax, R.J.G.M. and de Groot, H.L.F. (2011) A Spatial Perspective on Global Energy Productivity Trends. In: Florax, R.J.G.M., de Groot, H.L.F. and Mulder, P., Eds., Improving Energy Efficiency through Technology: Trends, Investment Behaviour and Policy Design, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 23-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9780857930606.00009
[23]
Wan, J., Baylis, K. and Mulder, P. (2013) Trade-Facilitated Spillovers in Energy Productivity Convergence across EU Countries. The Selected Works of Kathy Baylis. tp://works.bepress.com/kathy_baylis/52
[24]
Barro, R.J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1991) Convergence across States and Regions. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1991, 107-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2534639
[25]
Barro, R.J. and Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992) Convergence. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 223-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/261816
[26]
Fan, C.C. and Casetti, E. (1994) The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of US Regional Income Inequality, 1950-1989. The Annals of Regional Science, 28, 177-196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581768
[27]
Bernard, A.B. and Jones, C.I. (1996) Productivity and Convergence across US States and Industries. Empirical Economics, 21, 113-135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01205496
[28]
Solow, R.M. (1956) A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70, 65-94.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1884513
[29]
Swan, T.W. (1956) Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation. Economic Record, 32, 334-361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x
[30]
Baumol, W.J. (1986) Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare: What the Long-Run Data Show. American Economic Review, 76, 1072-1085. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1816469
[31]
Abreu, M., De Groot, H.L.F. and Florax, R.J.G.M. (2005) Space and Growth: A Survey of Empirical Evidence and Methods. Région et Développement, 21, 13-44.
[32]
Rey, S. and Montouri, B. (1999) US Regional Income Convergence: A Spatial Econometric Perspective. Regional Studies, 33, 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343409950122945
[33]
Anselin, L., Gallo, J.L. and Jayet, H. (2008) Spatial Panel Econometrics. In: Mátyás, L. and Sevestre, P., Eds., The Econometrics of Panel Data, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, 625-660.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75892-1_19
[34]
Elhorst, J.P. (2003) Specification and Estimation of Spatial Panel Data Models. International Regional Science Review, 26, 244-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0160017603253791
[35]
Elhorst, J.P. (2010) Spatial Panel Data Models. In: Fischer, M.M. and Getis, A., Eds., Handbook of Applied Spatial Analysis: Software Tools, Methods and Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, 377-407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03647-7_19
