Objectives: to describe the characteristics of newly diagnosed prostate
cancer (PCa) and the initial treatments offered to patients in the most
important urological center of Burkina Faso. Methods: We
analyzed the data of a cohort of 168 consecutive patients with no prior history
of PCabetween January 2009 and December 2012. Diagnosis of PCa was based
on histological analysis oftransrectal prostate biopsies. Patient and disease characteristics
and the initial treatment offered were taken in account. Results: The mean age at presentation was 68.59
± 9.41 years (range 30 to 95 years). There was a 3.6-fold increase
in the incidence of PCa through the four years of the study. The mean
duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 11.6 ± 10.9 months. The majority ofcases (86.9%) were presented as locally advanced or
metastatic disease. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)
was the first therapeutic option for 121 patients (72%) and 73 patients (43.4%)
underwent ADT through bilateral orchiectomy. Only 3 patients (1.78%) underwent radical prostatectomy. Conclusion:
An increase in the diagnosis of PCa in our country was observed in this study. The diagnosis of prostate cancer was usually
tardive in Burkina Faso. Treatment often involves surgical ADT for
socioeconomic reasons.
References
[1]
J. Ferlay, H. R. Shin, F. Bray, D. Forman, C. Mathers and D. M. Parkin, “Estimates of Worldwide Burden of Cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008,” International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 127, No. 12, 2010, pp. 2893-2917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.25516
[2]
T. R. Rebbeck, S. S. Devesa, B.-L. Chang, et al., “Global Patterns of Prostate Cancer Incidence, Aggressiveness, and Mortality in Men of African Descent,” Prostate Cancer, Vol. 2013, 2013, Article ID: 560857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/560857
[3]
L. W. Chu, J. Ritchey, S. S. Devesa, S. M. Quraishi, H. Zhang and A. W. Hsing, “Prostate Cancer Incidence Rates in Africa,” Prostate Cancer, Vol. 2011, 2011, Article ID: 947870.
[4]
F. A. Kabore, T. Kambou, B. Zango and A. Ouédraogo, “Knowledge and Awareness of Prostate Cancer among the General Public in Burkina Faso,” Journal of Cancer Education, 2013, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13187-013-0545-2
[5]
F. A. Kabore, B. Zango, A. Sanou, C. Yameogo and B. Kirakoya, “Prostate Cancer Outcome in Burkina Faso,” Infectious Agents and Cancer, Vol. 6, Suppl. 2, 2011, p. S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-9378-6-S2-S6
[6]
SEER Cancer Statistics Factsheets, “Prostate Cancer,” National Cancer Institute, Bethesda. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html
[7]
E. Chokunonga, M. Z. Borok, Z. M. Chirenje, A. M. Nyakabau and D. M. Parkin, “Trends in the Incidence of Cancer in the Black Population of Harare, Zimbabwe 1991-2010,” International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 133, No. 3, 2013, pp. 721-729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.28063
[8]
G. O. Ifere, F. Abebe and G. A. Ananaba, “Emergent Trends in the Reported Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Nigeria,” Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2012, pp. 19-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S23536
[9]
J. Yarney, V. Vanderpuye and J. Mensah, “Clinicopathologic Features and Determinants of Gleason Score of Prostate Cancer in Ghanaian Men,” Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2013, pp. 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.01.018
[10]
A. A. Ajape, K. O. Ibrahim, J. A. Fakeye and O. O. Abiola, “An Overview of Cancer of the Prostate Diagnosis and Management in Nigeria: The Experience in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital,” Annals of African Medicine, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2010, pp. 113-117. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1596-3519.68353
[11]
L. Niang, M. Ndoye, A. Ouattara, M. Jalloh, M. Labou, I. Thiam, S. C. Kouka, J. J. Diaw and S. M. Gueye, “Management of Prostate Cancer in Senegal: What Is Being Done?” Progrès en Urologie, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2013, pp. 36-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.purol.2012.09.002
[12]
D. C. Miller, M. S. Litwin, J. Bergman, et al., “Prostate Cancer Severity among Low Income, Uninsured Men,” The Journal of Urology, Vol. 181, No. 2, 2009, pp. 579-584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.010
[13]
D. C. Greenberg, K. A. Wright, A. Lophathanon, K. R. Muir and V. J. Gnanapragasam, “Changing Presentation of Prostate Cancer in a UK Population—10 Years Trends in Prostate Cancer Risk Profiles in the East of England,” British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 109, 2013, pp. 2115-2120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.589
[14]
M. J. Roobol and F. H. Schröder, “European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer: Achievements and Presentation,” BJU International, Vol. 92, Suppl. S2, 2003, pp. 117-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.4698x.x
[15]
S. Punnen and M. R. Cooperberg, “The Epidemiology of High-Risk Prostate Cancer,” Current Opinion in Urology, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2013, pp. 331-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0b013e328361d48e
[16]
B. A. Virnig, N. N. Baxter, E. B. Habermann, et al., “A Matter of race: Earlyversus Late-Stage Cancer Diagnosis,” Health Affairs (Millwood), Vol. 28, No. 1, 2009, pp. 160-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.28.1.160
[17]
I. J. Powell, C. H. Bock, J. J. Ruterbusch, et al., “Evidence Supports a Faster Growth Rate and/or Earlier Transformation to Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in Black Than in White American Men, and Influences Racial Progression and Mortality Disparity,” The Journal of Urology, Vol. 183, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1792-1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.01.015
[18]
M. K. Sapira and C. C. Obiorah, “Age and Pathology of Prostate Cancer in South-Southern Nigeria; Is There a Pattern?” Medical Journal of Malaysia, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2012, pp. 417-419.
[19]
S. M. Gueye, C. M. Ziegler-Johnson, T. Friebel, et al., “Clinical Characteristics of Prostate Cancer in African Americans, American Whites, and Senegalese Men,” Urology, Vol. 61, No. 5, 2003, pp. 987-992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02588-8
[20]
K. Yamoah, K. Beecham, S. E. Hegarty, T. Hyslop, T. Showalter and J. Yarney, “Early Results of Prostate Cancer Radiation Therapy: An Analysis with Emphasis on Research Strategies to Improve Treatment Delivery and Outcomes,” BMC Cancer, Vol. 13, 2013, p. 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-13-23
[21]
K. A. Cooney, M. S. Strawderman, K. J. Wojno, K. M. Doerr, A. Taylor, K. H. Alcser, S. G. Heeringa, J. M. Taylor, J. T. Wei, J. E. Montie and D. Schottenfeld, “Age-Specific Distribution of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen in a Community-Based Study of African-American Men,” Urology, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2001, pp. 91-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00873-6
[22]
D. M. Preston, L. I. Levin, D. J. Jacobson, et al., “Prostate-Specifc Antigen Levels in Young White and Black Men 20 to 45 Years Old,” Urology, Vol. 56, No. 5, 2000, pp. 812-816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(00)00764-0
[23]
S. Sutcliffe, R. Pakpahan, L. J. Sokoll, D. J. Elliott, R. L. Nevin, S. B. Cersovsky, P. C. Walsh and E. A. Platz, “Prostate-Specifc Antigen Concentration in Young Men: New Estimates and Review of the Literature,” BJU International, Vol. 110, No. 11, 2012, pp. 1627-1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11111.x
[24]
C. F. Heyns, M. Fisher, A. Lecuona and A. van der Merwe, “Prostate Cancer among Different Racial Groups in the Western Cape: Presenting Features and Management,” South African Medical Journal, Vol. 101, 2011, pp. 267-270.
[25]
S. A. Fedewa and A. Jemal, “Prostate Cancer Disease Severity and Country of Origin among Black Men in the United States,” Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Disease, Vol. 16, 2013, pp. 176-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2012.53
[26]
M. Grossmann, A. S. Cheung and J. D. Zajac, “Androgens and Prostate Cancer; Pathogenesis and Deprivation Therapy,” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2013, pp. 603-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.05.001
[27]
C. J. DiBlasio, J. B. Malcolm, J. Hammett, J. Y. Wan, M. A. Aleman, A. L. Patterson, R. W. Wake and I. H. Derweesh, “Survival Outcomes in Men Receiving Androgendeprivation Therapy as Primary or Salvage Treatment for Localized or Advanced Prostate Cancer: 20-Year Single-Centre Experience,” BJU International, Vol. 104, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1208-1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08593.x
[28]
M. Y. Kyei, E. J. Mensah, S. Gepi-Attee, D. Kwami, K. Ampadu, E. Asante, G. O. Klufio and E. D. Yeboah, “Outcomes after Radical Prostatectomy in Ghanaians: A Surgeon’s Early Experience,” ISRN Urology, Vol. 2013, 2013, Article ID: 832496.
[29]
P. C. Walsh, “Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer Provides Durable Cancer Control with Excellent Quality of Life: A Structured Debate,” The Journal of Urology, Vol. 163, No. 6, 2000, pp. 1802-1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67547-7