Publish in OALib Journal
ISSN: 2333-9721
APC: Only $99

Paper Submission

Views	Downloads

Relative Articles
CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND MALARIA INCIDENCE IN PERI-URBAN, URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES AROUND KUMASI, GHANA: A CASE STUDY AT THREE HEALTH FACILITIES; EMENA, ATONSU AND AKROPONG
Assessment of Patterns of Climate Variables and Malaria Cases in Two Ecological Zones of Ghana
Climate variability and yields of major staple food crops in Northern Ghana
The Role of Climate Variability in the Spread of Malaria in Bangladeshi Highlands
Malaria epidemiology in the Ahafo area of Ghana
Transmission Dynamics of Malaria in Ghana
Climate Change and Vector-borne Diseases: An Economic Impact Analysis of Malaria in Africa
Environmental Factors Associated with the Distribution of Anopheles gambiae s.s in Ghana; an Important Vector of Lymphatic Filariasis and Malaria
Impact Of Climate On Malaria Incidences In Mysore District
The Effects of Climate Changes on The Distribution and Spread of Malaria in Sudan
More...

Sustainability 2013

Economic Analysis of Climate Variability Impact on Malaria Prevalence: The Case of Ghana

DOI: 10.3390/su5104362

Wisdom Akpalu,Samuel Nii Ardey Codjoe

Keywords: malaria prevalence, climate change, granger-causality, maximum entropy, Ghana

Full-Text Cite this paper Add to My Lib

Abstract:

A number of studies exist on the relationship between climatic factors and malaria prevalence. However, due to scarcity of data, most of the studies are based on biophysical experiments and do not control for socioeconomic covariates. This research, which uses data on Ghana, contributes to the thin literature that addresses this limitation. We found that humidity and rainfall predict malaria prevalence. Furthermore, our results suggest that malaria prevalence increases with rainfall, the proportion of middle income households, and the proportion of households with no formal education. The corresponding elasticity coefficients are 0.67, 0.12 and 0.66, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence rate have also been observed across regions.

References

[1]	World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report: 2010; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.
[2]	World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report: 2012; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2012.
[3]	Murray, C.; Lopez, A.; Mathers, C.; Stein, C. The Global Burden of Disease 2000 Project, Aims, Methods, and Data Sources; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001.
[4]	Tanser, F.C.; Sharp, B.; le Sueur, D. Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa. The Lancet 2003, 362, 1792–1798, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2.
[5]	Patz, J.A.; Olson, S.H. Climate change and health: Global to local influences on disease risk. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2006, 100, 535–549, doi:10.1179/136485906X97426.
[6]	PEACE FM Online. Available online: http://news.peacefmonline.com/health/201304/162434.php (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[7]	Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Available online: http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR221/FR221%5B13Aug2012%5D.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[8]	World Health Organization (WHO). World Malaria Report: 2009; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009; pp. 1–33.
[9]	Goodman, A.C.; Coleman, P.; Mills, A. Changing the first line drug for malaria treatment: Cost-effectiveness analysis with high uncertainty inter-temporal trade-offs. Health Econ. 2001, 10, 731–749, doi:10.1002/hec.621.
[10]	Patz, J.A.; Epstein, P.R.; Burke, T.A.; Balbus, J.M. Global climate change and emerging infectious diseases. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1996, 275, 217–223, doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530270057032.
[11]	Gething, P.W.; Smith, D.L.; Patil, A.P.; Tatem, A.J.; Snow, R.W.; Hay, S.I. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature 2010, 465, 342–345, doi:10.1038/nature09098.
[12]	Epstein, P.R.; Ferber, D. Changing Planet, Changing Health—How the Climate Crisis Threatens Our Health and What We Can Do about It; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 2011.
[13]	Ahern, M.J.; Kovats, R.S.; Wilkinson, P.; Few, R.; Matthies, F. Global health impacts of floods: Epidemiological evidence. Epidemiol. Rev. 2005, 27, 36–45, doi:10.1093/epirev/mxi004.
[14]	Zhou, G.; Noboru, M.; Githeko, A.; Yan, G. Association between climate variability and malaria epidemic in the east African highlands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 101, 2375–2380.
[15]	Ebi, K.; Hartman, J.; Chan, N.; McConnell, J.; Schlesinger, M.; Weyany, J. Climate suitability for stable malaria transmission in Zimbabwe under different climate change scenarios. Clim. Chang. 2005, 73, 375–393, doi:10.1007/s10584-005-6875-2.
[16]	Thomson, M.C.; Mason, S.J.; Phindela, T.; Connor, S.J. Use of Rainfall and sea surface temperature monitoring for malaria early warning in Botswana. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 73, 214–221.
[17]	Ndiaye, O.; le Hesran, J.-Y.; Etard, J.-F.; Diallo, A.; Simondon, F.; Ward, M.; Robert, V. Variations Climatiques Et Mortalité Attribuée Au Paludisme Dans La Zone De Niakhar, Sénégal De 1984 à 1996. Santé 2001, 11, 25–33. (in French).
[18]	Jaenisch, T.; Patz, J. Assessment of association between climate and infectious diseases. Global Change Hum. Health 2002, 3, 67–72, doi:10.1023/A:1019625332705.
[19]	IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J., Hanson, C.E., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007; p. 976.
[20]	IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. In Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., Miller, H.L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
[21]	Martens, W. Health Impacts of Climate Change and Ozone Depletion: An Eco-Epidemiological Modelling Approach. Ph.D. Thesis, Ph.D. Thesis, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 1997.
[22]	Egbendewe-Mondzozo, A.K.; Musumba, M.; McCarl, B.A.; Wu, X. Climate Change and Vector- borne Diseases: An Economic Impact Analysis of Malaria in Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2011, 8, 913–930, doi:10.3390/ijerph8030913.
[23]	Bomblies, A.; Eltahir, E.A.B. Assessment of impact of climate shifts on malaria. EcoHealth 2009, 6, 426–437, doi:10.1007/s10393-010-0274-5.
[24]	Parham, P.; Michael, E. Modeling Climate Change and Malaria Transmission. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2010, 673, 184–199, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6064-1_13.
[25]	Dadzie, S.K.; Brenyah, R.; Appawu, M.A. Role of species composition in malaria transmission by the Anopheles funestus group (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ghana. J. Vector. Ecol. 2013, 38, 105–110, doi:10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12015.x.
[26]	Reddy, M.R.; Overgaard, H.J.; Abaga, S.; Reddy, V.P.; Caccone, A.; Kiszewski, A.E.; Slotman, M.A. Outdoor host seeking behaviour of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following initiation of malaria vector control on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. Available online: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1475-2875-10-184.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[27]	President’s Malaria Initiative. Malaria Operational Plan FY 2013. Available online: http://pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy13/ghana_mop_fy13.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[28]	United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). UNICEF Ghana Fact Sheet Malaria; UNICEF: Accra, Ghana, 2007.
[29]	Keba Africa. Available online: http://www.kebaafrica.org/malaria-prevention-2/ (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[30]	Ministry of Health (MoH). Anti-Malaria: Drug Policy for Ghana; MoH: Accra, Ghana, 2009.
[31]	President’s Malaria Initiative. Malaria operational plan—FY 2012 (5 years). Available online: http://pmi.gov/countries/mops/fy12/ghana_mop_fy12.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2013).
[32]	Yilma, Z.; van Kempen, L.; de Hoop, T. Perverse ‘net’ effect? Health insurance and ex-ante moral hazard in Ghana. Soc. Sci. Med. 2012, 75, 138–147, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.035.
[33]	Baffoe, A.; Gbeve, K.; Ollenu, A.O. Home Management of Malaria, Acute Respiratory Infection & Diarrhoea in Ghana: Implementation Guidelines; Ministry of Health, Ghana Health Services: Accra, Ghana, 2009.
[34]	Granger, C.W.J. Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods. Econometrica 1969, 37, 424–438, doi:10.2307/1912791.
[35]	The twenty weather stations are located at Abetifi, Accra, Ada, Akatsi, Akim-Oda, Axim, Akuse, Bole, Ho, Kete-Krachi, Koforidua, Kumasi, Navrongo, Sefwi-Bekwai, Saltpond, Sunyani, Takoradi, Tamale, Tema, Wa, Wenchi, and Yendi. As of 2008, Ghana had 170 districts
[36]	Asante, F.A.; Asenso-Okyere, K. Economic Burden of Malaria in Ghana. A Technical Report for World Health Organization (WHO), 2003. unpublished work.
[37]	Mba, C.J.; Aboh, I.K. Prevalence and Management of Malaria in Ghana: A Case Study of Volta Region. Afr. Popul. Stud. 2007, 22, 137–171.

Full-Text