全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...
PLOS ONE  2014 

Refining Reproductive Parameters for Modelling Sustainability and Extinction in Hunted Primate Populations in the Amazon

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093625

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Primates are frequently hunted in Amazonia. Assessing the sustainability of hunting is essential to conservation planning. The most-used sustainability model, the ‘Production Model’, and more recent spatial models, rely on basic reproductive parameters for accuracy. These parameters are often crudely estimated. To date, parameters used for the Amazon’s most-hunted primate, the woolly monkey (Lagothrix spp.), come from captive populations in the 1960s, when captive births were rare. Furthermore, woolly monkeys have since been split into five species. We provide reproductive parameters calculated by examining the reproductive organs of female Poeppig’s woolly monkeys (Lagothrix poeppigii), collected by hunters as part of their normal subsistence activity. Production was 0.48–0.54 young per female per year, and an interbirth interval of 22.3 to 25.2 months, similar to parameters from captive populations. However, breeding was seasonal, which imposes limits on the maximum reproductive rate attainable. We recommend the use of spatial models over the Production Model, since they are less sensitive to error in estimated reproductive rates. Further refinements to reproductive parameters are needed for most primate taxa. Methods like ours verify the suitability of captive reproductive rates for sustainability analysis and population modelling for populations under differing conditions of hunting pressure and seasonality. Without such research, population modelling is based largely on guesswork.

References

[1]  Fitz Gibbon C (1998). The management of subsistence harvesting: behavioural ecology of hunter and their mammalian prey. In: Caro T, editor. Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 449–474.
[2]  Shepard GH (2002) Primates in Matsigenka subsistence and worldview. In: Fuentes A, Wolfe L, editors. Primates Face to Face. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 101–136.
[3]  Puertas P, Bodmer RE (2004) Hunting Effort as a Tool for Community-Based Wildlife Management in Amazonia. In: Silvius K, Bodmer RE, Fragoso JMV. People in Nature. Columbia University Press, New York. 123–137.
[4]  da Silva MNF, Shepard GH, Yu DW (2005) Conservation implications of primate hunting practices among the Matsigenka of Manu National Park. Neotropical Primates 13: 31–36. doi: 10.1896/1413-4705.13.2.31
[5]  Urbani B (2005) The targeted monkey: a re-evaluation of predation on New World primates. Journal of Anthropological Sciences 83: 89–109.
[6]  Di Fiore A, Link A, Campbell CJ (2011) The atelines: Behavioral and socioecological diversity in a New World radiation. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Panger M, Beader SK, editors. Primates in Perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 155–188.
[7]  Di Fiore A, Schmitt C, Fernandez-Duque E (2014) Morphometrics of wild woolly monkeys: Implications of sexual dimorphism in body and canine size. 83rd Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Calgary, Alberta Canada.
[8]  Robinson JG, Redford KH (1991) Sustainable harvest of Neotropical forest mammals. In: Robinson JG, Redford KH, editors. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 415–429.
[9]  Peres CA (1990) Effects of Hunting on Western Amazonian Primate Communities. Biological Conservation. 54: 47–59. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(90)90041-m
[10]  Ohl-Schacherer J, Shepard GH, Kaplan H, Peres CA, Levi T, et al. (2007) The sustainability of subsistence hunting by Matsigenka native communities in Manu National Park, Peru. Conservation Biology. 21: 1174–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00759.x
[11]  Levi T, Shepard GH, Ohl-Schacherer J, Wilmers CC, Peres C, et al. (2011) Spatial tools for modeling the sustainability of subsistence hunting in tropical forests. Ecological Applications 21: 1802–18. doi: 10.1890/10-0375.1
[12]  Shanee S (2011) Distribution survey and threat assessment of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Oreonax flavicauda; Humboldt 1812), Northeastern Peru. Int J Primatol 32: 691–707. doi: 10.1007/s10764-011-9495-x
[13]  Fooden J (1963) A revision of the woolly monkeys (genus Lagothrix). Journal of Mammalogy 44: 213–247. doi: 10.2307/1377454
[14]  Rylands AB, Schneider H, Langguth A, Mittermeier RA, Groves CP, et al. (2000) An assessment of the diversity of New World primates, Neotropical Primates. 8: 61–93.
[15]  Groves CP (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
[16]  Groves CP (2005) Order Primates. In Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd edn. In: Wilson DE, Reader DM, editors. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 111–184.
[17]  IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 2012 Sep 23.
[18]  Eisenberg JF, Redford KH (1999) Mammals of the Neotropics: The Central Neotropics. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA.
[19]  Matthews LJ, Rosenberger AL (2008) Taxon combinations, parsimony analysis (PAUP), and the taxonomy of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 137: 245–255. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20859
[20]  Di Fiore A, Chaves P, Cornejo F, Schmitt CA, Shanee S, et al. Rise and fall of a genus: Complete mtDNA coding sequences shed light on the phylogenetic position of yellow-tailed woolly monkeys, Lagothrix (Oreonax) flavicauda, and on the evolutionary history of the Neotropical primate family Atelidae (Platyrrhini). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. In review.
[21]  Fa JE, Juste J, Del Val JP, Castroviejo J (1995) Impact of Market Hunting on Mammal Species in Equatorial Guinea. Conservation Biology. 1107–1115.
[22]  Fitzgibbon CD, Mogaka H, Fanshawe JH (1995) Subsistence hunting in Arabuko-Sokoke forest, Kenya, and its effects on mammal populations. Conservation Biology 9: 1116–1126. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051085.x-i1
[23]  Alvard MS, Robinson JG, Redford KH, Kaplan H (1997) The Sustainability of Subsistence Hunting in the Neotropics Conservation Biology. 11: 977–982. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96047.x
[24]  Muchaal PK, Ngandjui G (1999) Impact of Village Hunting on Wildlife Populations in the Western Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Conservation Biology 13: 385–396. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x
[25]  Robinson DJ, Bennett EL (2000) Carrying capacity limits to sustainable hunting in tropical forests. In: Bennett EL, Robinson DJ, editors. Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York. 13–30.
[26]  Cole L (1954) The population consequences of life-history phenomena. Quarterly Review of Biology. 29: 103–137. doi: 10.1086/400074
[27]  Williams L (1967) Breeding Humboldt’s woolly monkey at Murrayton Woolly Monkey Sanctuary. International Zoo Yearbook 7: 86–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1967.tb00329.x
[28]  Wolfe RH, Harrison RM, Martin TW (1975) A review of reproductive patterns in new world monkeys. Laboratory Animal Science. 25: 814–21.
[29]  Robinson JG, Janson CH (1987) Capuchins, squirrel monkeys and atelines: Sociological convergence with Old World primates. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 69–82.
[30]  Mack DS, Kafka H (1978) Breeding and rearing of woolly monkeys at the National Zoological Park, Washington. International Zoo Yearbook. 18: 117–22. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1090.1978.tb00239.x
[31]  Sirén A, Hamback P, Machoa J (2004) Including Spatial Heterogeneity and Animal Dispersal When Evaluating Hunting: a Model Analysis and an Empirical Assessment in an Amazonian Community. Conservation Biology 18: 1315–1329. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00024.x
[32]  Levi T, Shepard Jr GH, Ohl-Schacherer J, Peres C, Yu DW (2009) Modelling the long-term sustainability of indigenous hunting in Manu National Park, Peru: landscape-scale management implications for Amazonia. Journal of Applied Ecology 46804–814.
[33]  Mooney JC, Lee PC (1999) Reproductive Parameters in Captive Woolly Monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha). Zoo Biology 18: 421–427. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1999)18:5<421::aid-zoo7>3.0.co;2-6
[34]  Nowak R (1999) Woolly Monkeys. In: Nowak, editor. Walker’s Mammals of the World, 6th edn. Baltimore The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 538–540.
[35]  Nishimura A (2003) Reproductive Parameters of Wild Female Lagothrix lagotricha. International Journal of Primatology. 24: 707–722.
[36]  Begon M, Townsend CR, Harper JL (2006) Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.
[37]  Mayor P, Bowler M, Lopez-Plana C (2012a) Anatomicohistological Characteristics of the Tubular Genital Organs of the Female Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii). American Journal of Primatology. 74: 11. doi: 10.1002/ajp.22051
[38]  Mayor P, Bowler M, Lopez-Plana C (2012b) Ovarian functionality in Poeppig’s woolly monkey (Lagothrix poeppigii). Animal Reproduction Science. Early View.
[39]  International Committee on Veterinary Embryological Nomenclature (1994). Nomina embryologica veterinaria. Zurich and Ithaca, New York.
[40]  Sadler TW (1985) Langman’s medical Embriology, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 424.
[41]  Mayor P, Bodmer RE, López-Béjar M (2009) Reproductive performance of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) female in the Peruvian Amazon. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 55: 631–634. doi: 10.1007/s10344-009-0312-1
[42]  R Core Team (2012) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 2012 Sep 23.
[43]  Agostinelli C, Lund U (2011) R package ‘circular’: Circular Statistics (version 0.4–3). R-project website Available: https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/c?ircular/. Accessed 2012 Sep 23.
[44]  Carnegie SD, Fedigan LM, Melin AD (2011) Reproductive Seasonality in Female Capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Santa Rosa (Area de Conservación Guanacaste), Costa Rica. International Journal of Primatology 32: 1076–1090. doi: 10.1007/s10764-011-9523-x
[45]  Mayor P, Bodmer RE, López-Béjar M (2010) Reproductive performance of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) female in the Peruvian Amazon. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 56: 681–684. doi: 10.1007/s10344-010-0379-8
[46]  Mayor P, Bodmer R, López-Plana C, López-Béjar M (2011) Reproductive biology of the wild red brocket deer (Mazama americana) female in the Peruvian Amazon. Animal Reproduction Science. 128: 123–128. doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.09.009
[47]  Fang T, Bodmer R, Puertas P, Pérez P, Mayor P, et al.. (2008) Certificación de pieles de pecaríes (Tayassu tajacu y Tayassu pecari): Una estrategia para la conservación y Manejo de Fauna en la Amazonía Peruana. Wust Editions, Lima.
[48]  Suárez E, Morales M, Cueva R, Utreras V, Zapata G, et al. (2009) Oil industry, wild meat trade and roads: indirect effects of oil extraction activities in a protected area in north-eastern Ecuador. Anim Conserv 12(4): 364–373. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00262.x
[49]  Franzen MA (2005) Huaorani resource use in the ecuadorian amazon: hunting, food sharing, and market participation. Dissertation, University of California.
[50]  Franzen MA (2006) Evaluating the sustainability of hunting: a comparison of harvest profiles across three Huaorani communities. Environ. Conserv. 33: 1–10. doi: 10.1017/s0376892906002712
[51]  Milner-Gulland EJ, Ak?akaya HR (2001) Sustainability indices for exploited populations under uncertainty. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 16: 686–692. doi: 10.1016/s0169-5347(01)02278-9
[52]  Novaro AJ, Redford KH, Bodmer RE (2000) Effect of Hunting in Source-Sink Systems in the Neotropics. Conservation Biology 14: 713–721. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98452.x
[53]  Milner-Gulland EJ, Rowcliffe M (2007) Conservation and Sustainable Use: A Handbook of Techniques. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[54]  Ange-van Heugten K, Timmer S, Jansen WL, Verstegen MWA (2008) Nutritional and health status of woolly monkeys. International Journal of Primatology. 29: 183–194. doi: 10.1007/s10764-008-9233-1
[55]  Slade NA, Gomulkiewicz R, Alexander HM, Museum NH, Hall D (1998) Alternatives to Robinson and Redford’s Method of Assessing Overharvest from Incomplete Demographic Data. Conservation Biology 12: 148–155. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.96273.x
[56]  Delany MJ (1982) Mammal ecology. Blackie & son Ltd., Scotland.
[57]  Flowerdew JR (1987) Mammals: their reproductive biology and population ecology. London, Hodder & Stoughton.
[58]  Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Andelman SJ, Lee PC (1998) Reproductive success in vervet monkeys. In: Clutton-Brock TH, editor. Reproductive success. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London. 384–402.
[59]  Schmitt CA, Di Fiore A (in press) Juvenile woolly monkeys: Behavior, development, and life history. In: Defler T, Stevenson P, editors. The Woolly Monkey: Behavior, Ecology, Conservation, Systematics. Springer. In press.
[60]  Nishimura A (1990) A sociological and behavioral study of woolly monkeys, Lagothrix lagotricha, in the Upper Amazon. Sci Engineer Rev Doshisha Univ 31: 87–121.
[61]  Di Fiore A (1997) Ecology and behavior of lowland woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii, Atelinae) in eastern Ecuador. Ph.D. thesis, Davis: University of California.
[62]  Dunbar RIM (1995) The mating system of callitrichid primates. II. The impact of helpers. Animal Behaviour. 50: 1071–1089. doi: 10.1016/0003-3472(95)80107-3
[63]  Peres CA (1991) Humboldt’s woolly monkeys decimated by hunting in Amazonia. Oryx 25: 89–95. doi: 10.1016/0006-3207(92)90841-a
[64]  Parathian HE, Maldonado AM (2010) Human-nonhuman primate interactions amongst Tikuna people: perceptions and local initiatives for resource management in Amacayacu in the Colombian Amazon. American journal of primatology. 72: 855–65. doi: 10.1002/ajp.20816
[65]  Chacon RJ (2012) Conservation or Resource Maximization? Analyzing Subsistence Hunting Among the Achuar (Shiwiar) of Ecuador. In: Chacon RJ, Mendoza RG, editors. The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research. Springer New York, New York.
[66]  Puertas P, Bodmer RE (1993) Conservation of a high diversity primate assemblage. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 586–593. doi: 10.1007/bf00051959
[67]  Robinson JG, Redford KH (1994) Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. Oryx 28: 249–256. doi: 10.1017/s0030605300028647
[68]  Bodmer RE, Eisenberg JF, Redford KH (1997) Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conservation Biology 11: 460–466. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96022.x
[69]  Peres CA (2000) Effects of Subsistence Hunting on Vertebrate Community Structure in Amazonian Forests. Conservation Biology 14: 240–253. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98485.x
[70]  Isaac NJB, Cowlishaw G (2004) How species respond to multiple extinction threats. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Biological sciences. 271: 1135–41. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2724
[71]  Gavin M (2007) Foraging in the fallows: Hunting patterns across a successional continuum in the Peruvian Amazon. Biological Conservation 134: 64–72. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.011
[72]  Mena VP, Stallings JR, Regalado BJ, Cueva LR (2000) The sustainability of current hunting practices by the Huaorani. Robinson JG, Bennett EL, editors. Hunting for subsistence in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York. 57–78.
[73]  Peres CA (2001) Synergistic Effects of Subsistence Hunting and Habitat Fragmentation on Amazonian Forest Vertebrates. Conservation Biology 15: 1490–1505. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.01089.x
[74]  Bodmer RE, Robinson JG (2004) Evaluating the sustainability of hunting in the Neotropics. In Silvius KM, Bodmer RE, Fragoso JMV, editors. People in nature: wildlife conservation in South and Central America. Columbia University Press, New York. 299–323.
[75]  Aquino R, Terrones C, Navarro R (2007) Evaluación del impacto de la caza en mamíferos de la cuenca del río Alto Itaya, Amazonía Peruana. Revista Peruana de Biologia 14: 181–186.
[76]  Bodmer RE (2000) Integrating hunting and protected areas in the Amazon. In: Dunstone N, Entwistle A, editors. Future Priorities for the Conservation of Mammals: Has the Panda had its Day? Cambridge University Press, UK. 277–290.
[77]  Bodmer R, Robinson J (2004) Evaluating the sustainability of hunting in the Neotropics. In: Silvius K, Bodmer RE, Fragoso JMV, editors. People in Nature: Wildlife conservation in South and Central America. Columbia University Press, New York. 199–323.
[78]  Puertas P (1999) Hunting effort analysis in northeastern Peru: the case of the Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo. Masters thesis. University of Florida.
[79]  Puertas P, Bodmer RE (2004) Hunting effort as a tool for communitybased wildlife management in Amazonia. In: Silvius K, Bodmer RE, Fragoso JMV, editors. People in Nature: Wildlife conservation in South and Central America. Columbia University Press, New York. 123–137.
[80]  Robinson JG, RE Bodmer (1999) Towards wildlife management in tropical forests. Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 1–13. doi: 10.2307/3802482
[81]  McCullough DR (1987) The theory and management of Odocoileus populations. In: Wemmer C, editor. Biology and management of the Cervideae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C: 535–549.
[82]  Bodmer RE (2004) Evaluating the sustainability of harvesting in the Neotropics using the unified harvest model. In: Bennett L, Arengo F, editors. Hunting in Neotropical Forests: Review of the issues, identifying gaps, and developing strategies. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York. 201–206.
[83]  Joshi NV, Gadgil M (1991) On the role of refugia in promoting prudent use of biological resources. Theoretical Population Biology 40: 211–229. doi: 10.1016/0040-5809(91)90053-i
[84]  Vickers WT (1991) Hunting yields and game composition over ten years in an Amazon Indian territory. In: Robinson JG, Redford KH, editors. Neotropical wildlife use and conservation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 53–81.
[85]  Robinson JG, Redford KH (1986) Intrinsic rate of natural increase in Neotropical forest mammals: relationship to phylogeny and diet, Oecologia. 68: 516–520. doi: 10.1007/bf00378765

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133