| [1] | Ghamari-Langroudi M (2012) Electrophysiological analysis of circuits controlling energy homeostasis. Mol Neurobiol 45: 258–278.
|
| [2] | Meister B (2007) Neurotransmitters in key neurons of the hypothalamus that regulate feeding behavior and body weight. Physiol Behav 92: 263–271.
|
| [3] | Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, Barsh GS, Schwartz MW (2006) Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature 443: 289–295.
|
| [4] | Sanchez-Lasheras C, Konner AC, Bruning JC (2010) Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis-neurocircuits, signals and mediators. Front Neuroendocrinol 31: 4–15.
|
| [5] | Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte JD Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404: 661–671.
|
| [6] | Belgardt BF, Okamura T, Bruning JC (2009) Hormone and glucose signalling in POMC and AgRP neurons. J Physiol 587: 5305–5314.
|
| [7] | Chronwall BM (1985) Anatomy and physiology of the neuroendocrine arcuate nucleus. Peptides 6 Suppl 21–11.
|
| [8] | Ovesjo ML, Gamstedt M, Collin M, Meister B (2001) GABAergic nature of hypothalamic leptin target neurones in the ventromedial arcuate nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 13: 505–516.
|
| [9] | Horvath TL, Bechmann I, Naftolin F, Kalra SP, Leranth C (1997) Heterogeneity in the neuropeptide Y-containing neurons of the rat arcuate nucleus: GABAergic and non-GABAergic subpopulations. Brain Res 756: 283–286.
|
| [10] | Pritchard LE, Turnbull AV, White A (2002) Pro-opiomelanocortin processing in the hypothalamus: impact on melanocortin signaling and obesity. J Endocrinol 172: 411–421.
|
| [11] | Ibata Y, Kawakami F, Okamura H, Obata-Tsuto HL, Morimoto N, et al. (1985) Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry of beta-endorphin/beta-LPH-like immunoreactive neurons in the arcuate nucleus and surrounding areas of the rat hypothalamus. Brain Res 341: 233–242.
|
| [12] | Lantos TA, Gorcs TJ, Palkovits M (1995) Immunohistochemical mapping of neuropeptides in the premamillary region of the hypothalamus in rats. Brain Res Rev 20: 209–249.
|
| [13] | Dicken MS, Tooker RE, Hentges ST (2012) Regulation of GABA and glutamate release from proopiomelanocortin neuron terminals in intact hypothalamic networks. J Neurosci 32: 4042–4048.
|
| [14] | Hentges ST, Otero-Corchon V, Pennock RL, King CM, Low MJ (2009) Proopiomelanocortin expression in both GABA and glutamate neurons. J Neurosci 29: 13684–13690.
|
| [15] | Dampney RA (2011) Arcuate nucleus - a gateway for insulin’s action on sympathetic activity. J Physiol 589: 2109–2110.
|
| [16] | Rahmouni K, Morgan DA (2007) Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus mediates the sympathetic and arterial pressure responses to leptin. Hypertension 49: 647–652.
|
| [17] | Coote JH (2004) The hypothalamus and cardiovascular regulation. In: Dun NJ, Machado BH, Pilowsky PM, editors. Neural Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation. Boston, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 117–146.
|
| [18] | Kawabe T, Chitravanshi VC, Kawabe K, Sapru HN (2008) Cardiovascular function of a glutamatergic projection from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the rat. Neuroscience 153: 605–617.
|
| [19] | Chen QH, Haywood JR, Toney GM (2003) Sympathoexcitation by PVN-injected bicuculline requires activation of excitatory amino acid receptors. Hypertension 42: 725–731.
|
| [20] | Kannan H, Niijima A, Yamashita H (1988) Effects of stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity. Brain Res Bull 20: 779–783.
|
| [21] | Li YF, Jackson KL, Stern JE, Rabeler B, Patel KP (2006) Interaction between glutamate and GABA systems in the integration of sympathetic outflow by the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 291: H2847–2856.
|
| [22] | Holstege G (1987) Some anatomical observations on the projections from the hypothalamus to brainstem and spinal cord: an HRP and autoradiographic tracing study in the cat. J Comp Neurol 260: 98–126.
|
| [23] | Pyner S, Coote JH (1999) Identification of an efferent projection from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus terminating close to spinally projecting rostral ventrolateral medullary neurons. Neuroscience 88: 949–957.
|
| [24] | Pyner S, Coote JH (2000) Identification of branching paraventricular neurons of the hypothalamus that project to the rostroventrolateral medulla and spinal cord. Neuroscience 100: 549–556.
|
| [25] | Yang Z, Coote JH (1998) Influence of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on cardiovascular neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rat. J Physiol 513: 521–530.
|
| [26] | Yang Z, Wheatley M, Coote JH (2002) Neuropeptides, amines and amino acids as mediators of the sympathetic effects of paraventricular nucleus activation in the rat. Exp Physiol 87: 663–674.
|
| [27] | Yang Z, Bertram D, Coote JH (2001) The role of glutamate and vasopressin in the excitation of RVL neurones by paraventricular neurones. Brain Res 908: 99–103.
|
| [28] | Arakawa H, Chitravanshi VC, Sapru HN (2011) The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: a new site of cardiovascular action of angiotensin-(1–12) and angiotensin II. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 300: H951–H960.
|
| [29] | Nakamura T, Bhatt S, Sapru HN (2009) Cardiovascular responses to hypothalamic arcuate nucleus stimulation in the rat: role of sympathetic and vagal efferents. Hypertension 54: 1369–1375.
|
| [30] | Kow LM, Pfaff DW (1989) Responses of hypothalamic paraventricular neurons in vitro to norepinephrine and other feeding-relevant agents. Physiol Behav 46: 265–271, 1989.
|
| [31] | Pennock RL, Hentges ST (2011) Differential expression and sensitivity of presynaptic and postsynaptic opioid receptors regulating hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin neurons. J Neurosci 31: 281–288.
|
| [32] | Albers HE, Ottenweller JE, Liou SY, Lumpkin MD, Anderson ER (1990) Neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus: effect on corticosterone and single-unit activity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 258: R376–R382.
|
| [33] | Badoer E (2001) Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and cardiovascular regulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 28: 95–99.
|
| [34] | Dampney RA, Horiuchi J, Killinger S, Sheriff MJ, Tan PS, et al. (2005) Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by hypothalamic nuclei: some critical questions. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32: 419–425.
|
| [35] | Stern J (2004) Cellular properties of autonomic-related neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In: Dun NJ, Machado BH, Pilowsky PM, editors. Neural Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Regulation. Boston, MA, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 147–161.
|
| [36] | Kawabe T, Chitravanshi VC, Kawabe K, Sapru HN (2006) Cardiovascular effects of adrenocorticotropin microinjections into the rostral ventrolateral medullary pressor area of the rat. Brain Res 1102: 117–126.
|
| [37] | Paxinos G, Watson C (2007) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. 6th ed. London: Academic Press.
|
| [38] | Kasamatsu K, Chitravanshi VC, Sapru HN (2004) Depressor and bradycardic responses to microinjections of endomorphin-2 into the NTS are mediated via ionotropic glutamate receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R715–R728.
|
| [39] | Taylor K, Lester E, Hudson B, Ritter S (2007) Hypothalamic and hindbrain NPY, AGRP and NE increase consummatory feeding responses. Physiol Behav 90: 744–750.
|
| [40] | Mao L, Wang JQ (2005) Cardiovascular responses to microinjection of nociceptin and endomorphin-1 into the nucleus tractus solitarii in conscious rats. Neuroscience 132: 1009–1015.
|
| [41] | Li SJ, Varga K, Archer P, Hruby VJ, Sharma SD, et al. (1996) Melanocortin antagonists define two distinct pathways of cardiovascular control by alpha- and gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormones. J Neurosci 16: 5182–5188.
|
| [42] | Viard E, Sapru HN (2006) Endomorphin-2 in the medial NTS attenuates the responses to baroreflex activation. Brain Res 1073–1074: 365–373.
|
| [43] | Antal-Zimanyi I, Bruce MA, Leboulluec KL, Iben LG, Mattson GK, et al. (2008) Pharmacological characterization and appetite suppressive properties of BMS-193885, a novel and selective neuropeptide Y(1) receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 590: 224–232.
|
| [44] | Biebermann H, Kuhnen P, Kleinau G, Krude H (2012) The neuroendocrine circuitry controlled by POMC, MSH, and AGRP. Handb Exp Pharmacol 209: 47–75.
|
| [45] | Ye ZY, Li DP (2011) Activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor causes enhanced excitation in presympathetic paraventricular neurons in obese Zucker rats. Regul Pept 166: 112–120.
|
| [46] | Dun SL, Brailoiu GC, Yang J, Chang JK, Dun NJ (2006) Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and sympatho-adrenal axis. Peptides 27: 1949–1955.
|
| [47] | Guyenet PG (2006) The sympathetic control of blood pressure. Nature Rev Neurosci 7: 335–346.
|
| [48] | Sapru HN (2002) Glutamate circuits in selected medullo-spinal areas regulating cardiovascular function. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 29: 491–496.
|
| [49] | Mendelowitz D (1999) Advances in Parasympathetic Control of Heart Rate and Cardiac Function. News Physiol Sci 14: 155–161.
|
| [50] | Martin DS, Haywood JR (1993) Hemodynamic responses to paraventricular nucleus disinhibition with bicuculline in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 265: H1727–H1733.
|
| [51] | Nicholson C (1985) Diffusion from an injected volume of a substance in brain tissue with arbitrary volume fraction and tortuosity. Brain Res 333: 325–329.
|
| [52] | Li C, Chen P, Smith MS (1998) Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARH) and dorsomedial nucleus (DMH), areas activated during lactation, project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH). Regul Pept 75–76: 93–100.
|
| [53] | Gross PM (1992) Circumventricular organ capillaries. Prog Brain Res 91: 219–233.
|
| [54] | Ciofi P, Garret M, Lapirot O, Lafon P, Loyens A, et al. (2009) Brain-endocrine interactions: a microvascular route in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Endocrinology 150: 5509–5519.
|
