从“赋能”到“桎梏”：文凭变质视角下大学生的“孔乙己长衫”困境研究
From “Empowerment” to “Shackles”: A Study on College Students’ “Kong Yiji Robe” Dilemma from the Perspective of Credential Inflation

“孔乙己的长衫”作为重要的文化隐喻是大学毕业生在当前社会中的身份症结和精神羁绊，它源于鲁迅笔下刻画的知识分子生活状况，但是在当前高校扩招大背景下又有新的含义：当初高等学校是培养精英人才的重要阵地，文凭证明学生的能力水平。但是，经过现实生活中使用之后却发现文凭已蜕变成限制年轻人发展的“紧身衣”，反映出在现实社会中，教育投入与劳动力市场需求存在较大的鸿沟。通过对现有文献梳理发现，教育筛选功能的变质表现在现实工作中已经明显呈现出对学生主体性的消解、身份标签化的倾向，以及个体发展目标体系中向社会化的倾斜与靠拢等变质特征，在认识上形成思维定势，在行动层面上显现出趋同性的样态，在价值层面流露出自我认同迷茫的特点。形成变质现象有多种因素合力作用的原因，变质形成后不仅造成了大学生们既有“高学历”又“低就业”现状的同时出现，而且造成大学生的精神状态发生负面变化，出现所谓的“脱不下长衫”的问题。
Kong Yiji’s long gown, as an important cultural metaphor, represents the identity dilemma and spiritual bondage of university graduates in today’s society. It originates from Lu Xun’s depiction of the life conditions of intellectuals, but under the current context of expanded college enrollment, it has taken on new meanings: higher education was once a key base for cultivating elite talent, and diplomas proved students’ abilities. However, after being applied in real life, diplomas have been found to transform into “tight-fitting clothes” that restrict the development of young people, reflecting the significant gap between educational investment and labor market demand in the real world. A review of the existing literature shows that the alienation of the educational screening function is evident in the workplace today, manifesting as a reduction of student subjectivity, tendencies toward identity labeling, and a shift of individual development goals toward social conformity. Cognitively, this forms a fixed mindset; in actions, it shows a tendency toward homogenization; and in terms of values, it reveals confusion in self-identity. The formation of alienation results from various factors acting together. This alienation has not only led to the coexistence of “high education” and “low employment” among college graduates but also negatively affected their mental state, giving rise to the so-called problem of being “unable to take off the long gown”.