| [1] | Ademiluka, S. O. (2018). Patriarchy and Women Abuse: Perspectives from Ancient Israel and Africa. Old Testament Essays, 31, 339-362.
https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2018/v31n2a5
|
| [2] | Andersson Djurfeldt, A. (2020). Gendered Land Rights, Legal Reform and Social Norms in the Context of Land Fragmentation—A Review of the Literature for Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda. Land Use Policy, 90, Article ID: 104305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104305
|
| [3] | Awuor, W. O., Kandagor, D. R., & Nyamwaka, E. (2021). Gender Relations Among Kenya’s Luo in Central Nyanza, 1945-1963. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 5, 245-252.
|
| [4] | Baraza, N. (2008). Lost between Rhetoric and Reality: What Role for the Law and Human Rights in Redressing Gender Inequality? Kenya Law Reform, Vol. 2.
|
| [5] | Brownmiller, S. (1976). Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (Bantam ed.). Bantam Books.
|
| [6] | Cotran, E. (1968). Restatement of African Law Kenya: Vol. 1. The Law of Marriage and Divorce. Sweet & Maxwell.
|
| [7] | Cotran, E. (1969). Restatement of African Law. Sweet & Maxwell.
|
| [8] | Crane-Seeber, J., & Crane, B. (2010). Contesting Essentialist Theories of Patriarchal Relations: Evolutionary Psychology and the Denial of History. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 18, 218-237.
https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1803.218
|
| [9] | Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
|
| [10] | Eagly, A. H. (2007). Through the Labyrinth: The Truth about How Women Become Leaders. Harvard Business School Press.
|
| [11] | Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573-598.
https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295x.109.3.573
|
| [12] | Edwards, L. F. (2015). A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights. Cambridge University Press.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/legal-history-of-the-civil-war-and-reconstruction/5B993C079DCCB0E086D08B646F56FF72
|
| [13] | Fellmeth, A. X. (2000). Feminism and International Law: Theory, Methodology, and Substantive Reform. Human Rights Quarterly, 22, 658-733.
https://doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2000.0032
|
| [14] | Glendon, M. A. (1997). The Transformation of Family Law: State, Law, and Family in the United States and Western Europe. University of Chicago Press.
https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo3645730.html
|
| [15] | Global Education Monitoring Report Team (2019). Global Education Monitoring Report 2019: Gender Report: Building Bridges for Gender Equality. UNESCO.
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000368753
|
| [16] | Grubin, D. (1992). Sexual Offending: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. Annual Review of Sex Research, 3, 201-217.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10532528.1992.10559879
|
| [17] | Han, T. C. (1989). Marital Rape—Removing the Husband’s Legal Immunity. Malaya Law Review, 31, 112-128.
|
| [18] | Hawkesworth, M. (2018). Feminism, Gender Inequality, and Public Policy. In D. Boonin (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy (pp. 421-439). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_33
|
| [19] | Hodgson, D. L. (2002). Women’s Rights as Human Rights: Women in Law and Development in Africa (Wildaf). Africa Today, 49, 3-26.
https://doi.org/10.1353/at.2003.0010
|
| [20] | Hooks, B. (1984). Feminist Theory from Margin to Center. South End Press.
|
| [21] | International Labour Organization (2015). Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum. International Labour Organization.
|
| [22] | Ismayilova, L., Karimli, L., Gaveras, E., Tô-Camier, A., Sanson, J., Chaffin, J. et al. (2018). An Integrated Approach to Increasing Women’s Empowerment Status and Reducing Domestic Violence: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in a West African Country. Psychology of Violence, 8, 448-459.
https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000136
|
| [23] | Jablonka, I. (2022). A History of Masculinity: From Patriarchy to Gender Justice. Penguin.
|
| [24] | James, M. (2021). KIM Board Diversity & Inclusion Report 2021. Kenya Institute of Management.
|
| [25] | Jfrant (2018, February 28). Record Number of Women Elected in Kenya’s 2017 General Elections, but Women’s Representation Remains Low.
https://www.ndi.org/our-stories/record-number-women-elected-kenya-s-2017-general-elections-women-s-representation
|
| [26] | Jousse, L. (2021). Discrimination and Gender Inequalities in Africa: What about Equality between Women and Men? (Translated by Charline Vandermuntert). Gender in Geopolitics Institute.
|
| [27] | Kamau, W. (2023). Customary Law and Women’s Rights in Kenya. East African Law Journal, 137.
|
| [28] | Kamau, W. (2024). Legal Treatment of Consent in Sexual Offences in Kenya.
http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/handle/11295/80231/Kamau_Legal%20treatment%20of%20consent%20in%20sexual%20offences%20in%20Kenya.pdf
|
| [29] | Kameri-Mbote, P. (2000). Violence against Women in Kenya. International Environmental Law Research Centre, 32, 1.
|
| [30] | KHRC (2022, November 8). Regional and Ethnic Balance, Two-Thirds Gender Rule: A Trend of Forgotten Principles in Government Appointments. Kenya Human Rights Commission (KHRC).
https://khrc.or.ke/press-release/regional-and-ethnic-balance-two-thirds-gender-rule-a-trend-of-forgotten-principles-in-government-appointments/
|
| [31] | Lore, W., & Baragu, G. (2024, January 8). Promoting Land Ownership among Women in Kenya—KIPPRA.
https://kippra.or.ke/promoting-land-ownership-among-women-in-kenya/
|
| [32] | Merryman, J. H., & Pérez-Perdomo, R. (2019). The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America. Harvard Law Review, 132, 1781.
|
| [33] | Msuya, N. H. (2020). Advocating Positive Traditional Culture to Eradicate Harmful Aspects of Traditional Culture for Gender Equality in Africa. Obiter, 41, 45-62.
https://doi.org/10.17159/obiter.v41i1.10547
|
| [34] | Munde, C. (2022). President Ruto Nominates 10 Women to Cabinet Positions.
https://www.citizen.digital/news/president-william-ruto-nominates-10-women-to-cabinet-positions-n306430
|
| [35] | Musisi, N. B. (2021). Women in Pre-Colonial Africa: East Africa. In The Palgrave Handbook of African Women’s Studies (1073-1097). Springer International Publishing.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28099-4_123
|
| [36] | Muthuri, J. (2020). The Politics of Defining a Child: Re-Examining the Age of Criminal Responsibility, Minimum Age of Sexual Consent and Age of Admission to Employment in Kenya. The International Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 8, 210-214.
https://doi.org/10.24940/theijhss/2020/v8/i9/hs2009-055
|
| [37] | Myers, B. L. (2011). Walking with the Poor: Principles and Practices of Transformational Development (Rev. and Expanded ed.). Orbis Books.
|
| [38] | Ndulo, M. (2011). African Customary Law, Customs, and Women’s Rights. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 18, 87-120.
https://doi.org/10.2979/indjglolegstu.18.1.87
|
| [39] | Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and Practice (7th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
|
| [40] | Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (2000). Landmark Resolution on Women, Peace and Security (Security Council Resolution 1325). United Nations.
https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/
|
| [41] | Parpart, J. L. (1988). Women and the State in Africa. The Precarious Balance. Routledge.
|
| [42] | Rawls, J. (2005). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.
|
| [43] | Robeyns, I. (2010). Equality and Justice. In S. D. Shahani (Ed.), An Introduction to the Human Development and Capability Approach: Freedom and Agency (pp. 101-120). Earthscan.
|
| [44] | Rukanga, B. (2024, February 14). Men’s Conference: How Some Kenyans Mark Valentine’s Day. BBC News.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68294168
|
| [45] | Saidi, C. (2020). Women in Precolonial Africa. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History.
https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-259
|
| [46] | Sanday, P. R. (1981). The Socio‐Cultural Context of Rape: A Cross‐Cultural Study. Journal of Social Issues, 37, 5-27.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01068.x
|
| [47] | Sarah, C., & Mona, L. K. (2008). Critical Mass Theory and Women’s Political Representation. Political Studies, 56, 725-736.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00712.x
|
| [48] | Soman, U. (2009). Patriarchy: Theoretical Postulates and Empirical Findings. Sociological Bulletin, 58, 253-272.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022920090206
|
| [49] | Strobel, M. (1979). Muslim Women in Mombasa, 1890-1975. Yale University Press.
|
| [50] | UN Women (1995). Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, 1995 (Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 15th September, 1995 during the Fourth World Conference on Women). United Nations.
https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/CSW/PFA_E_Final_WEB.pdf
|
| [51] | UN Women (2022, August 31). Gender Data Shines Policy Spotlight on Unpaid Care and Domestic Work in Kenya. UN Women—Africa.
https://africa.unwomen.org/en/stories/news/2022/08/gender-data-shines-policy-spotlight-on-unpaid-care-and-domestic-work-in-kenya
|
| [52] | UN Women (2023, November 30). What Is Gender-Responsive Budgeting? UN Women—Europe and Central Asia.
https://eca.unwomen.org/en/stories/explainer/2023/11/what-is-gender-responsive-budgeting
|
| [53] | UN Women (2025). Welcome|UN Women—Headquarters. Gender Equality: UN Women.
https://www.unwomen.org/en
|
| [54] | UNFPA (2022, November 7). Youth Consultation Second African Union Men’s Conference on Positive Masculinity in Leadership to End Violence against Women and Girls.
https://wcaro.unfpa.org/en/news/youth-consultation-second-african-union-mens-conference-positive-masculinity-leadership-end
|
| [55] | United Nations (2017). General Recommendation No. 35 (2017) on Gender-Based Violence against Women, Updating General Recommendation No. 19 (1992). United Nations, CEDAW/C/GC/35.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/general-comments-and-recommendations/general-recommendation-no-35-2017-gender-based
|
| [56] | United Nations (n.d.). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf
|
| [57] | United Nations General Assembly (1979). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979. CEDAW.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women
|
| [58] | Walby, S. (2009). Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. SAGE Publications Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446269145
|
| [59] | Ware, S. (2019). Why They Marched: Untold Stories of the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote. Harvard University Press.
https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674240797
|
| [60] | World Bank (2012). World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development. World Development Report.
http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4391
|
| [61] | Yllö, K., & Torres, M. G. (2016). Understanding Marital Rape in Global Context. Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage, and Social Change in Global Context. Oxford University Press.
|
