All Title Author
Keywords Abstract

Publish in OALib Journal
ISSN: 2333-9721
APC: Only $99

ViewsDownloads

Relative Articles

More...

Sierra Leone: A Historical Cultural Capital of Pan-Africanism

DOI: 10.4236/sm.2022.122005, PP. 76-100

Keywords: Sierra Leone, Pan-Africanism, Christianity, Culture, Krio/Creole, Fourah Bay College, Education, West Africa

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

This paper examines the concept of Sierra Leone serving historically as a cultural capital of Pan-Africanism. Culture is examined from the perspectives of race, language, formal educational attainment, and religion, especially Christianity. Racially and ethnically, the people of Sierra Leone today are the descendants of not just native Sierra Leoneans, but also natives of dozens of other Sub-Saharan African nations, and people of Black African descent from North America, the Caribbean and the United Kingdom. As a result, the Sierra Leone Krio/Creole language is a Pan-African Krio/Creole. Historically, Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone has served as one of the most important academic/intellectual institutions in the Black world that have contributed to the brain trust to Pan-Africanism. Finally, Sierra Leonean Christianity can be explained as a Pan-African Christianity.

References

[1]  Achidi, A. U., Ajayi, O. A., Bokanga, M., & Maziya-Dixon, B. (2005). The Use of Cassava Leaves as Food in Africa. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 44, 423-435.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240500348771
[2]  Ani, K. J., & Ojakorotu, V. (2017). Pan-Africanism, African Union and the Challenge of Transformative Development in Africa. Journal of African Union Studies, 6, 5-23.
https://doi.org/10.31920/2050-4306/2017/v6n1a1
[3]  Asante, M. K. (2012). The Character of Kwame Nkrumah’s Africa Vision. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 4, 12-25.
[4]  Atinmo, T., & Bakre, A. T. (2003). Palm Fruit in Traditional African Food Culture. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 12, 350-354.
[5]  Beoku-Betts, J. (2008). African Women Scientists and the Politics of Location: The Case of Four Sierra Leonean Women Scientists. African and Asian Studies, 62, 343-366.
https://doi.org/10.1163/156921008X359579
[6]  Beyan, A. J. (2005). African American Settlements in West Africa: John Brown Russwurm and the American Civilizing Efforts. Palgrave Macmillan.
https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403979193
[7]  Bjerk, P. K. (2010). Sovereignty and Socialism in Tanzania: The Historiography of an African State. History in Africa, 37, 275-319.
https://doi.org/10.1353/hia.2010.0033
[8]  Blyden, N. A. (2004). “Back to Africa”: The Migration of New World Blacks to Sierra Leone and Liberia. OAH Magazine of History, 18, 23-25.
https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/18.3.23
[9]  Blyden, N. A. I. (2019). African Americans & Africa: A New History. Yale University Press.
https://doi.org/10.12987/9780300244915
[10]  Bolaji, M. H. A. G. (2015). The African Union’s Call for Global Pan-Africanism and the Ghana-Diaspora Relations in the 21st Century. Journal of Black Studies, 46, 62-101.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714557329
[11]  Clarke, C. R. (2013). Pan-Africanism and Pentecostalism in Africa: Strange Bedfellows or Perfect Partners? A Pentecostal Assist towards a Pan-African Political Theology. Black Theology, 11, 152-184.
https://doi.org/10.1179/1476994813Z.0000000001
[12]  Clarke, S. A. (2012). Understanding Pan-Africanism. Caribbean Quarterly: A Journal of Caribbean Culture, 58, 99-111.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2012.11672433
[13]  Climenhaga, A. F. (2014). Heathenism, Delusion, & Ignorance: Samuel Crowther’s Approach to Islam and Traditional Religion. Anglican Theological Review, 96, 661-681.
https://doi.org/10.1177/000332861409600403
[14]  Commander, M. D. (2007). Ghana at Fifty: Moving toward Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan-African Dream. American Quarterly, 59, 421-441.
https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2007.0036
[15]  Cusack, I. (2000). African Cuisines: Recipes for Nation Building? Journal of African Cultural Studies, 13, 207-225.
https://doi.org/10.1080/713674313
[16]  Dawuni, J., & Kang, A. (2015). Her Ladyship Chief Justice: The Rise of Female Leaders in the Judiciary in Africa. Africa Today, 62, 45-69.
https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.62.2.45
[17]  Eltis, D., & Jennings, L. C. (1988). Trade between Western Africa and the Atlantic World in the Pre-Colonial Era. The American Historical Review, 93, 936-959.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1863530
[18]  Esedebe, P. O. (1977). What Is Pan-Africanism? Journal of African Studies, 4, 167-187.
[19]  Eze, M. O. (2013a). Pan Africanism: A Brief Intellectual History. History Compass, 11, 663-674.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12074
[20]  Eze, M. O. (2013b). Pan Africanism and the Politics of History675-. History Compass, 11, 675-686.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12089
[21]  Fischer, M. M. (2007). Culture and Cultural Analysis as Experimental Systems. Cultural Anthropology, 22, 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1525/can.2007.22.1.1
[22]  Fosu, A. K. (1999). An Economic Theory of Pan-Africanism. Review of Black Political Economy, 27, 7-12.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12114-999-1029-9
[23]  Grant, E. C. (1993). The Development of Krio Christianity in Sierra Leone. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Edinburgh.
[24]  Griffiths, I. L. (2005). The African Inheritance. Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203975923
[25]  Hair, P. E. H. (1987). Colonial Freetown and the Study of African Languages. Africa, 57, 560-565.
https://doi.org/10.2307/1159900
[26]  Hanciles, J. J. (2001). Anatomy of an Experiment: The Sierra Leone Native Pastorate. Missiology: An International Review, 29, 63-82.
https://doi.org/10.1177/009182960102900106
[27]  Hanciles, J. J. (2014). ‘Africa Is Our Fatherland: The Black Atlantic, Globalization, & Modern African Christianity. Theology Today, 7, 207-220.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0040573614530140
[28]  Hancock, I. (2017). Oosie Creeo’ Commot? Usai Krio Kohmoht? Usay Krio Kɔmɔt? The Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, 6, 2-21.
[29]  Hargreaves, J. D. (1973). The Idea of a Colonial University. African Affairs, 72, 26-36.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096317
[30]  Hargreaves, J. D. (1985). British Policy and African Universities: Sierra Leone Revisited. African Affairs, 84, 323-330.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097696
[31]  Hayden, J. C. (1987). Afro-Anglican Linkages, 1701-1900: Ethiopia Shall Soon Stretch out Her Hands unto God. Journal of Religious Thought, 44, 25-34.
[32]  Haynes, D. M. (2010). Freetown and London, 1847. Victorian Review, 36, 18-21.
https://doi.org/10.1353/vcr.2010.0004
[33]  History of Haiti (2015, October 27) History of Haiti: 1492-1805. Brown University Library.
https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/11.html
[34]  Hussey, E. R. J. (1945). Higher Education in West Africa. African Affairs, 44, 165-170.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093465
[35]  Jones, E. (1970). African Literature and Folklore Studies at Fourah Bay College, the University of Sierra Leone. Research in African Literatures, 1, 53-56.
[36]  Kaba, A. J. (2005). The Spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: A Survey and Analysis of the Numbers and Percentages of Christians, Muslims and Those who Practice Indigenous Religions. Western Journal of Black Studies, 29, 553-570.
[37]  Kaba, A. J. (2008). Culture, Economic Progress and Immigration: The Hispanic/Latino Population in the U.S. and the North African/Muslim Population in European Countries. The Delaware Review of Latin American Studies, 9, 1-11.
[38]  Kaba, A. J. (2009a). Africa’s Development in the Era of Barack Obama: The Role of the African Union. Journal of Pan African Studies, 2, 101-116.
[39]  Kaba, A. J. (2009b). The Numerical Distribution of Muslims in Africa. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 26, 1-23.
https://doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v26i3.381
[40]  Kaba, A. J. (2014). The Paradoxes of Africa’s Development: African Union’s Contributions to Africa’s Recent Achievements, 2005-2014. Journal of African Foreign Affairs, 1, 55-72.
[41]  Kaba, A. J. (2022). The Numbers and Percentages of Christians and Muslims in Africa, 2020. International Journal of African Catholicism (IJAC), 12, No. 1, 18-40.
https://www.saintleo.edu/hubfs/Resource%20PDFs%20and%20DOCs/Journals/Winter-2021-22-final-issue.pdf
[42]  Keefer, K. H. B. (2013). Scarification and Identity in the Liberated Africans Department Register, 1814-1815. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 47, 537-553.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2013.832337
[43]  Killingray, D. (2003). The Black Atlantic Missionary Movement and Africa, 1780s-1920s. Journal of Religion in Africa, 33, 3-31.
https://doi.org/10.1163/157006603765626695
[44]  Kumah-Abiwu, F., & Ochwa-Echel, J. (2013). Rethinking the Ideas of Pan-Africanism and African Unity: A Theoretical Perspective of Kwame Nkrumah’s Leadership Traits and Decision Making. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 6, 122-142.
[45]  Kyslan, P. (2016). What is Culture? Kant and Simmel. International Journal of Philosophy, 4, 158-166.
[46]  Lahai, J. I. (2015). From Discontinuity to Continuity: Tertiary Education Institutions, Conflict and Peacebuilding in Sierra Leone. Peace and Change, 40, 313-338.
https://doi.org/10.1111/pech.12132
[47]  Livsey, T. (2016). Imagining an Imperial Modernity: Universities and the West African Roots of Colonial Development. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 44, 952-975.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2016.1210305
[48]  Lu, L. T. (2006). The Influence of Cultural Factors on International Human Resource Issues and International Joint Venture Performance. Journal of American Academy of Business, 10, 192-196.
[49]  Lynch, H. R. (1964). The Native Pastorate Controversy and the Cultural Ethno-Centrism in Sierra Leone 1871-1874. The Journal of African History, 5, 395-413.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700005090
[50]  Mabera, F. (2016). Kenya’s Foreign Policy in Context (1963-2015). South African Journal of International Affairs, 23, 365-384.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2016.1254677
[51]  Marah, J. K. (2012). From the Temples of Egypt to Emperor Haile Selassie’s Pan-African University: A Short History of African Education. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 4, 143-171.
[52]  Marx, L. (2017). The Relevance of Robert Sobukwe’s Pan-Africanism in Contemporary South Africa. Theoria, 64, 128-143.
https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2017.6415308
[53]  Matviuk, S. (2007). Cross-Cultural Leadership Behavior Expectations: A Comparison between United States Managers and Mexican Managers. Journal of American Academy of Business, 11, 253-260.
[54]  Mazrui, A. A. (1997). Tanzaphilia. Transition, No. 75/76, 162-173.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2935401
[55]  Meludu, N. T. (2010). Proximate Analysis of Sweet Potato Toasted Granules. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 13, 89-91.
[56]  Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sierra Leone (2021). Sierra Leone and Gambia to Enter into Framework Agreements.
https://mofaic.gov.sl/sierra-leone-and-gambia-to-enter-into-framework-agreements/
[57]  Mungwini, P. (2017). Pan-Africanism and Epistemologies of the South. Theoria, 64, 165-186.
https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2017.6415310
[58]  Nantambu, K. (1998). Pan-Africanism versus Pan-African Nationalism: An Afrocentric Analysis. Journal of Black Studies, 28, 561-574.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002193479802800503
[59]  Northrup, D. (2006). Becoming African: Identity Formation among Liberated Slaves in Nineteenth-Century Sierra Leone. Slavery & Abolition, 27, 1-21.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01440390500499794
[60]  Nwauwa, A. O. (1999). Far Ahead of His Times: James Africanus Horton’s Initiatives for a West African University and His Frustrations, 1862-1871. Cahiers d’études Africaines, 39, 107-121.
https://doi.org/10.3406/cea.1999.1966
[61]  Office of the President, Republic of Gambia (2021). The Gambia and Sierra Leone Mutually Waived Residence Permit Fees for Their Nationals.
https://www.op.gov.gm/index.php/gambia-and-sierra-leone-mutually-waived-residence-permit-fees-their-nationals
[62]  Oginni, O. S., & Moitui, J. N. (2016). African Renaissance and Pan-Africanism, a Shared Value and Identity among African Nationals. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 9, 39-58.
[63]  Osinulu, A. (2017). A Transnational History of Pentecostalism in West Africa. History Compass, 15, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12386
[64]  Paracka Jr., D. J. (2003). The Athens of West Africa: A History of International Education at Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone. Routledge.
[65]  Proudfoot, L., & Wilson, H. S. (1960). Muslim Attitudes to Education in Sierra Leone. The Muslim World, 50, 86-98.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1960.tb01070.x
[66]  Redwood-Sawyerr, J. A. S. (2012). Rebuilding the Athens of West Africa: Education in the 21st Century in Sierra Leone. Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, 1, 1-17.
[67]  Rimmington, G. T. (1965). The Development of Universities in Africa. Comparative Education, 1, 105-112.
https://doi.org/10.1080/0305006650010205
[68]  Roberts, A. D. (2016). The Awkward Squad: Arts Graduates from British Tropical Africa before 1940. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 44, 798-814.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2016.1229261
[69]  Scanlan, P. X. (2016). The Colonial Rebirth of British Anti-Slavery: The Liberated African Villages of Sierra Leone, 1815-1824. African Historical Review, 121, 1085-1113.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.4.1085
[70]  Sesanti, S. (2017). Pan-African Linguistic and Cultural Unity: A Basis for Pan-Africanism and the African Renaissance. Theoria, 64, 10-21.
https://doi.org/10.3167/th.2017.6415303
[71]  Solihu, A. K. H. (2015). The Earliest Yoruba Translation on the Qur’an: Missionary Engagement with Islam in Yorubaland. Journal of Qur’anic Studies, 17, 10-37.
https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2015.0210
[72]  The Fatu Network (2019). President Bio Paid Courtesy Call on Former President Sir Dawda Jawara of the Gambia.
https://fatunetwork.net/president-bio-paid-courtesy-call-on-former-president-sir-dawda-jawara-of-the-gambia/
[73]  Thompson, V. A. D. (2013). The Transformation of Freetown Christianity, 1960-2000. Doctoral Dissertation, University of London.
[74]  Turner, R. B. (1997). Edward Wilmot Blyden and Pan-Africanism: The Ideological Roots of Islam and Black Nationalism in the United States. The Muslim World, 87, 169-182.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1997.tb03292.x
[75]  Umezurike, S., & Isike, C. (2018). A Geopolitical Analysis of South Africa-Nigeria Trade Relations (1994-2014). AFFRIKA: Journal of Politics, Economics and Society, 8, 135-158.
[76]  Ungar, S. J. (1989). Africa: The People and Politics of an Emerging Continent. Touchstone Book/Simon & Schuster.
[77]  Van Sickle, E. S. (2011). Reluctant Imperialists: The U.S. Navy and Liberia, 1819-1845. Journal of the Early Republic, 31, 107-134.
[78]  van Walraven, K. (2004). From Union of Tyrants to Power to the People! The Significance of the Pan-African Parliament for the African Union. Africa Spectrum, 39, 197-221.
[79]  Voeks, R., & Rashford, J. (Eds.) (2013). African Ethnobotany in the Americas. Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0836-9
[80]  Wada, K. (2010). Fourah Bay College (1827-). The Black Past.
https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/fourah-bay-college-1827/
[81]  Williams, J. (2015). The ‘Rawlings Revolution’ and Rediscovery of the African Diaspora in Ghana (1983-2015). African Studies, 74, 366-387.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00020184.2015.1015313
[82]  Wubneh, M. (2013). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia—Africa’s Diplomatic Capital. Cities, 35, 255-269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.08.002

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133