Quark Annihilation and Lepton Formation versus Pair Production and Neutrino Oscillation: The Fourth Generation of Leptons

The emergence or formation of leptons from particles composed of quarks is still remained very poorly understood. In this paper, we propose that leptons are formed by quark-antiquark annihilations. There are two types of quark-antiquark annihilations. Type-I quark-antiquark annihilation annihilates only color charges, which is an incomplete annihilation and forms structureless and colorless but electrically charged leptons such as electron, muon, and tau particles. Type-II quark-antiquark annihilation annihilates both electric and color charges, which is a complete annihilation and forms structureless, colorless, and electrically neutral leptons such as electron, muon, and tau neutrinos. Analyzing these two types of annihilations between up and down quarks and antiquarks with an excited quantum state for each of them, we predict the fourth generation of leptons named lambda particle and neutrino. On the contrary quark-antiquark annihilation, a lepton particle or neutrino, when it collides, can be disintegrated into a quark-antiquark pair. The disintegrated quark-antiquark pair, if it is excited and/or changed in flavor during the collision, will annihilate into another type of lepton particle or neutrino. This quark-antiquark annihilation and pair production scenario provides unique understanding for the formation of leptons, predicts the fourth generation of leptons, and explains the oscillation of neutrinos without hurting the standard model of particle physics. With this scenario, we can understand the recent OPERA measurement of a tau particle in a muon neutrino beam as well as the early measurements of muon particles in electron neutrino beams.