阿尔都塞“无主体”历史观的理论生成逻辑及其局限性
The Theoretical Generation Logic and Limitations of Althusser’s “Subjectlessness” View of History

“无主体”思想是透视阿尔都塞理论的一个重要维度，它孕育于20世纪以来的结构主义思潮和法国当代思想界超越传统“主体性哲学”的思想浪潮之中，体现了阿尔都塞借助结构主义的方法论驱逐马克思主义中的人道主义倾向，力求实现马克思主义科学性的理论旨趣。而“问题式”思想就是在这一旨趣下创新的理论成果。它构成了阿尔都塞“无主体”思想的逻辑支点，并经由“认识论断裂”的提出，将“无主体”思想具体化于历史观之中。但阿尔都塞以结构主义的视角裁剪历史唯物主义，没有认识到所谓“断裂”是马克思“人”这一理论价值维度的科学性的展开，同时也是向内的深化，没有正确认识个体与社会之间的辩证关系，从而造成他历史观“无主体”的误认，忽视了社会内在矛盾运动过程中否定性的力量从而陷入了绝望的“决定论”。
The concept of “subjectlessness” is a crucial dimension for understanding Althusser’s theory, which emerged within the structuralist trend of thought since the 20th century and the contemporary French intellectual movement that transcends traditional “subjective philosophy.” It reflects Althusser’s endeavor to expel humanitarian tendencies in Marxism by employing structuralist methodology, striving to realize the scientific nature of Marxism. The idea of the “problematic” is a theoretical innovation arising from this endeavor. It forms the logical fulcrum of Althusser’s “subjectless” thought and, through the proposition of “epistemological rupture,” specifies this thought within the historical outlook. However, Althusser’s structuralist perspective on historical materialism fails to recognize that the so-called “rupture” is a scientific unfolding of Marx’s theoretical value dimension of “humanity” and, simultaneously, an inward deepening. He does not correctly understand the dialectical relationship between the individual and society, leading to a misrecognition of “subjectlessness” in his historical outlook and overlooking the negative forces within the process of social inner-contradiction movement, thereby falling into a despairing “determinism.”