|
|
神经科学技术在刑事司法实践中的应用综述
|
Abstract:
神经科学作为一个相对较新，正在飞速发展的领域，在刑事司法实践中已经显示出巨大的应用潜力，并由此催生出了神经法学(Neurolaw)这一交叉研究领域，旨在探讨神经科学领域对于个体的决策、行为能力等方面的研究发现对现行法律规则和判断标准的影响。神经法学不仅关注神经科学技术如何适用于解决现有的法律体系中存在的多种难题，从案件的立案、侦查，到案件审判，最后到罪犯的矫正与释放后的再犯风险预测，同时也关注神经科学技术应当在司法程序的哪些环节使用、是否应该使用等伦理与规范性问题。而本文着重探讨了神经科学在刑事司法系统两个关键领域中的应用情况和未来的发展方向，包括刑事责任能力判定和服刑人员的风险评估与矫正。神经法学的研究不仅加深了我们对于犯罪行为背后的神经机制的理解，在深入研究并加强两个领域学者间交流的前提下，神经科学还能够进一步改进刑事司法实践，提供更加个性化和科学的罪犯评估和矫正计划，使得刑事司法实践更加公正且人性化。
Neuroscience, as a relatively novel and rapidly developing field, has shown great potential for being applied in criminal justice practice, which has given rise to the field of neurolaw research. Neurolaw research aims to explore how the findings in neuroscience regarding individual decision-making and behavioral capabilities can impact existing legal rules and standards of judgment. Neurolaw is not only concerned with how neuroscientific techniques can be applied to solve various issues within the current legal system, from case investigation to trial, and finally to the correction and post-release recidivism risk assessment of criminals, but also with the ethical and normative issues of when and whether neuroscientific techniques should be used in the judicial process. The present article focuses on the applications and future directions of neuroscience in two critical areas of the criminal justice system, including determining the criminal responsibility capacity of accused individuals and the risk assessment and correction of incarcerated individuals. Neurolaw research has not only deepened our understanding of the neural mechanisms behind criminal behaviors, but also with in-depth research and communications between researchers and practitioners in the two fields, neuroscience also has the potential to further improve criminal justice practice by providing more individualized and scientific offender assessment and intervention strategies, making criminal justice practice fairer and more humane.
| [1] | 胡传鹏, 邓晓红, 周治金, 邓小刚(2011). 神经法学: 年轻的认知神经科学与古老的法学联姻. 科学通报, 56(36), 3041-3053. |
| [2] | 蒋奖, 许燕(2007). 罪犯反社会人格障碍的调查. 中国特殊教育, (5), 80-85. |
| [3] | 刘宇平, 赵辉, 李姗珊, 张卓, 杨波(2019). 反社会人格障碍的神经生物学基础及其司法启示. 心理科学进展, 27(10), 1726-1742. |
| [4] | 王绍坤, 杨波(2011). 国外精神病态罪犯的脑机制研究述评. 心理科学进展, 19(2), 202-208. |
| [5] | Abraham, A., Pedregosa, F., Eickenberg, M., Gervais, P., Mueller, A., Kossaifi, J. et al. (2014). Machine Learning for Neuroimaging with Scikit-Learn. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics, 8, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fninf.2014.00014 |
| [6] | Beckman, M. (2004). Crime, Culpability, and the Adolescent Brain. Science, 305, 596-599. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.305.5684.596 |
| [7] | Bigenwald, A., & Chambon, V. (2019). Criminal Responsibility and Neuroscience: No Revolution Yet. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 1406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01406 |
| [8] | Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The Roles of Orbital Frontal Cortex in the Modulation of Antisocial Behavior. Brain and Cognition, 55, 198-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00276-8 |
| [9] | Blair, R. J. R. (2008). The Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex: Functional Contributions and Dysfunction in Psychopathy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 2557-2565. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0027 |
| [10] | Blakemore, S., & Robbins, T. W. (2012). Decision-Making in the Adolescent Brain. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 1184-1191. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3177 |
| [11] | Bonnie, R. J., & Scott, E. S. (2013). The Teenage Brain: Adolescent Brain Research and the Law. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22, 158-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412471678 |
| [12] | Buckingham, S. (2016). Trauma Informed Juvenile Justice. American Criminal Law Review, 53, 641. |
| [13] | Cohen, A. O., & Casey, B. J. (2014). Rewiring Juvenile Justice: The Intersection of Developmental Neuroscience and Legal Policy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 63-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.11.002 |
| [14] | Cohen‐Gilbert, J. E., & Thomas, K. M. (2013). Inhibitory Control during Emotional Distraction across Adolescence and Early Adulthood. Child Development, 84, 1954-1966. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12085 |
| [15] | Delfin, C., Krona, H., Andiné, P., Ryding, E., Wallinius, M., & Hofvander, B. (2019). Prediction of Recidivism in a Long-Term Follow-Up of Forensic Psychiatric Patients: Incremental Effects of Neuroimaging Data. PLOS ONE, 14, e0217127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217127 |
| [16] | Dreyfuss, M., Caudle, K., Drysdale, A. T., Johnston, N. E., Cohen, A. O., Somerville, L. H. et al. (2014). Teens Impulsively React Rather than Retreat from Threat. Developmental Neuroscience, 36, 220-227. https://doi.org/10.1159/000357755 |
| [17] | Ernst, M., Nelson, E. E., Jazbec, S., McClure, E. B., Monk, C. S., Leibenluft, E. et al. (2005). Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens in Responses to Receipt and Omission of Gains in Adults and Adolescents. NeuroImage, 25, 1279-1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.038 |
| [18] | Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious Mental Disorder in 23 000 Prisoners: A Systematic Review of 62 Surveys. The Lancet, 359, 545-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07740-1 |
| [19] | Ferrer, E. R. (2016). Transformation through Accommodation: Reforming Juvenile Justice by Recognizing and Responding to Trauma. American Criminal Law Review, 53, 549. |
| [20] | Fuss, J., Auer, M. K., Biedermann, S. V., Briken, P., & Hacke, W. (2015). Deep Brain Stimulation to Reduce Sexual Drive. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 40, 429-431. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.150003 |
| [21] | Galvan, A., Hare, T. A., Parra, C. E., Penn, J., Voss, H., Glover, G. et al. (2006). Earlier Development of the Accumbens Relative to Orbitofrontal Cortex Might Underlie Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescents. Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 6885-6892. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1062-06.2006 |
| [22] | Galvan, A., Hare, T., Voss, H., Glover, G., & Casey, B. J. (2007). Risk‐Taking and the Adolescent Brain: Who Is at Risk? Developmental Science, 10, F8-F14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00579.x |
| [23] | Geier, C. F., Terwilliger, R., Teslovich, T., Velanova, K., & Luna, B. (2010). Immaturities in Reward Processing and Its Influence on Inhibitory Control in Adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 1613-1629. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp225 |
| [24] | Glenn, A. L., & Raine, A. (2014). Neurocriminology: Implications for the Punishment, Prediction and Prevention of Criminal Behaviour. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3640 |
| [25] | Grose-Fifer, J., Rodrigues, A., Hoover, S., & Zottoli, T. (2013). Attentional Capture by Emotional Faces in Adolescence. Advances in Cognitive Psychology, 9, 81-91. https://doi.org/10.5709/acp-0134-9 |
| [26] | Haynes, J., & Rees, G. (2006). Decoding Mental States from Brain Activity in Humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1931 |
| [27] | Hübner, D., & White, L. (2016). Neurosurgery for Psychopaths? An Ethical Analysis. AJOB Neuroscience, 7, 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2016.1218376 |
| [28] | Lemm, S., Blankertz, B., Dickhaus, T., & Müller, K. (2011). Introduction to Machine Learning for Brain Imaging. NeuroImage, 56, 387-399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.004 |
| [29] | Meynen, G., & Widdershoven, G. (2017). The Impact of Closed-Loop DBS on Agency: An Open Question. AJOB Neuroscience, 8, 79-80. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507740.2017.1320325 |
| [30] | Petoft, A. (2015). Neurolaw: A Brief Introduction. Iranian Journal of Neurology, 14, 53-58. |
| [31] | Reddy, K. J., Menon, K. R., & Hunjan, U. G. (2018). Neurobiological Aspects of Violent and Criminal Behaviour: Deficits in Frontal Lobe Function and Neurotransmitters. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). |
| [32] | Rosenthal, H. (2018). Scanning for Justice: Using Neuroscience to Create a More Inclusive Legal System. Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 50, 290-338. |
| [33] | Schleim, S. (2020). Real Neurolaw in the Netherlands: The Role of the Developing Brain in the New Adolescent Criminal Law. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1762. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01762 |
| [34] | Séguin, J. R. (2009). The Frontal Lobe and Aggression. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6, 100-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701669871 |
| [35] | Siever, L. J. (2008). Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774 |
| [36] | Singh, J. P., Desmarais, S. L., Hurducas, C., Arbach-Lucioni, K., Condemarin, C., Dean, K. et al. (2014). International Perspectives on the Practical Application of Violence Risk Assessment: A Global Survey of 44 Countries. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 13, 193-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2014.922141 |
| [37] | Somerville, L. H., & Casey, B. (2010). Developmental Neurobiology of Cognitive Control and Motivational Systems. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 20, 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2010.01.006 |
| [38] | Somerville, L. H., Hare, T., & Casey, B. J. (2011). Frontostriatal Maturation Predicts Cognitive Control Failure to Appetitive Cues in Adolescents. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 2123-2134. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21572 |
| [39] | Steinberg, L. (2009). Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 459-485. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153603 |
| [40] | Taylor, J. S., Harp, J. A., & Elliott, T. (1991). Neuropsychologists and Neurolawyers. Neuropsychology, 5, 293-305. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.5.4.293 |
| [41] | Tortora, L., Meynen, G., Bijlsma, J., Tronci, E., & Ferracuti, S. (2020). Neuroprediction and A.I. in Forensic Psychiatry and Criminal Justice: A Neurolaw Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00220 |
| [42] | Van Leijenhorst, L., Zanolie, K., Van Meel, C. S., Westenberg, P. M., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Crone, E. A. (2010). What Motivates the Adolescent? Brain Regions Mediating Reward Sensitivity across Adolescence. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhp078 |
| [43] | Wang, Y., Peng, X., & Hu, X. (2022). Investigating the Neural Bases of Risky Decision Making Using Multi-Voxel Pattern Analysis. Brain Sciences, 12, Article 1488. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111488 |
