张园：晚清上海公共空间与设计形态的萌生
Zhang Yuan: The Emergence of Public Space and Design Forms in Shanghai in the Late Qing Dynasty

上海自开埠后人口增加，对于公共空间的需求日渐明显，由此促使以张园为代表的一批私家园林作为公共空间相继开放。张园以其地理位置优越环境优美以及公共性强等特点成为晚清上海最大最活跃的公共空间，是休闲活动空间、社会活动空间的重合。张园公共空间中的娱乐技术、商品交易等问题直接改变了传统生活方式并影响到早期设计的萌生，同时也为建构中国早期设计的发展形式提供了一个有形的场域。
Since the opening of Shanghai as a port, the population has increased, and the demand for public space has become increasingly apparent, which has prompted a group of private gardens represented by Zhang Yuan to be opened as public spaces one after another. Zhang Yuan, with its advantageous geographical location, beautiful environment, and strong public nature, became the largest and most active public space in late Qing Shanghai, overlapping leisure and social activity spaces. The issues of entertainment technology and commodity trading in the public space of Zhang Yuan have directly changed traditional lifestyles and influenced the emergence of early design, while also providing a tangible field for constructing the development form of early design in China.