奥康纳的资本主义双重危机理论探析
An Analysis of O’Connor’s Capitalist Dual Cri-sis Theory

奥康纳认为传统马克思主义与生态学马克思主义是有区分的。传统马克思主义的出发点是生产力与生产关系之间的矛盾，而生态学马克思主义的出发点是在原有历史唯物主义的基础上进行重构，外扩自然的维度与内延文化的维度，从而引入生产条件的概念，发现生产力与生产关系和生产条件之间的矛盾。马克思所认为的生产力与生产关系这一矛盾是“第一重矛盾”。而奥康纳所强调的生产力与生产关系和生产条件的矛盾即为“第二重矛盾”。第一重矛盾引发了以生产过剩为表现形式的经济危机，第二重矛盾引发了以生产不足为表现形式的经济危机与生态危机。在此基础之上，奥康纳指明了自然不是资本的归宿点，而是资本的出发点。他不仅拓展了历史唯物主义的生态领域，而且进一步揭示了资本主义反生态的实质。
O’Connor believes that there is a distinction between traditional Marxism and ecological Marxism. The starting point of traditional Marxism is the contradiction between productivity and production relations, while the starting point of ecological Marxism is to reconstruct on the basis of the original historical materialism, expand the dimensions of nature and culture, and introduce the concept of production conditions to discover the contradiction between productivity, production relations, and production conditions. The contradiction between productive forces and production relations considered by Marx is the “first contradiction”. The contradiction between productivity, production relations, and production conditions emphasized by O’Connor is the “second contradiction”. The first contradiction triggered an economic crisis in the form of overproduction, while the second contra-diction triggered an economic crisis and ecological crisis in the form of insufficient production. On this basis, O’Connor pointed out that nature is not the destination of capital, but the starting point of capital. He not only expanded the ecological field of historical materialism, but also further revealed the essence of capitalist anti-ecology.