世界主义视域下《大同书》“天民”观辨析
Analysis of the Concept of “Tianmin” in the Datong Shu from the Perspective of Cosmopolitanism

康有为的“天民”观是在现代民族国家体系的国际视野中展开的。《大同书》围绕着“天民”这一身份概念，形成了兼涉“国民”“公民”等概念集群，然三者并非同一身份观念的不同话语表达。“国民”的概念是由清代知识分子合理吸收西方“公民”概念的内涵构建而来；东方的“天民”概念在超宇宙的道德追求上与西方的“世界公民”概念相契合。《大同书》中由此而阐述的世界主义公民观主要聚焦于以下两方面：一是肯认了女性作为国家公民与世界公民的双重身份；二是提倡创设“世界公政府”作为实现“世界公民权”的制度保障。康有为正是资鉴了西方世界主义理念，对中国传统的“天民”观进行改造与重塑，为其注入了“自由”“独立”“平等”等民主思想，从而实现了“民”的身份由“国家公民”到“世界公民”的自然转换，并超前地意识到世界国家作为世界公民权的保障是否可欲与可行的问题。
Kang Youwei’s concept of “Tianmin” was developed in the international perspective of the modern nation-state system. Around the identity concept of “Tianmin”, The Datong Shu formed a cluster of concepts such as “the national” and “the citizen”, but they were not different discourse expressions of the same identity concept. The concept of “citizens of the country” was constructed by the Qing intellectuals by reasonably absorbing the connotations of the Western concept of “citizenship”; the Eastern concept of “Tianmin” was compatible with the Western concept of “citizen of the world” in terms of its transcosmic moral pursuit. The cosmopolitan view of citizenship thus articulated in the Datong Shu focuses on the following two aspects: Firstly, it recognizes women’s dual identity as both citizens of the country and citizens of world; Secondly, it advocates the creation of a “World Gov-ernment” as an institutional guarantee for the realisation of “global citizenship”. Kang Youwei pre-cisely drew on the concept of Western cosmopolitanism to transform and reshape the traditional Chinese concept of “heavenly people”, injecting into it the democratic ideas of “freedom”, “inde-pendence” and “equality”, thus realising the natural transformation of the identity of the “people” from “national citizenship” to “world citizenship”, and thus being aware of in advance the desirabil-ity and practicability of the world state as the guarantee of world citizenship.