突破、改造与批判：费尔巴哈感性人本主义哲学探赜
Breakthrough, Transformation and Criticism: An Exploration of Feuerbach’s Philosophy of Emotional Humanism

“人”和“自然”是费尔巴哈感性哲学的核心概念。费尔巴哈感性哲学在其哲学路线、思维方式和宗教批判上，较先前哲学具有突破性进展，具体体现在三个方面：首先，建构感性论为核心的人本主义哲学路线以突破理性主义人本哲学观的桎梏；其次，基于感性思维方式改造思辨哲学贬低感性直观的极端倾向；最后，从感性唯物主义自然观出发，开创性地提出宗教世俗基础论和异化学说，实现对宗教神学本质的批判。同时，马克思主义视阈下的费尔巴哈哲学尚存在一些理论缺陷：人本学以“抽象的人”为基点而忽视了人的社会性本质和感性实践的存在方式；机械直观认识论的形而上学性显著；无神论思想和宗教批判理论不彻底。
“Human” and “nature” are the core concepts of Ludwig Feuerbach’s perceptual philosophy. Com-pared with the previous philosophy, Ludwig Feuerbach’s perceptual philosophy has made a break-through in its philosophical line, way of thinking and religious criticism, which is embodied in three aspects: first, the humanistic philosophy line with a sensibility as the core is constructed to break the shackles of rationalist humanistic philosophy; secondly, the extreme tendency of transforming speculative philosophy based on the mode of perceptual thinking to belittle perceptual intuition; finally, from the perspective of the nature of perceptual materialism, this paper creatively puts forward the theory of religious secularism and the theory of alienation in order to criticize the es-sence of religious theology. At the same time, Ludwig Feuerbach’s philosophy from the perspective of Marxism still has some theoretical defects: humanism takes “abstract man” as the basis and neglects the social nature of man and the existence of perceptual practice, the metaphysics of mechanical intuitive epistemology is remarkable, while the atheism and the religious critical theory are not complete.