态度意义的多模态建构——以2016美国总统电视辩论为例
The Multimodal Construction of Attitudinal Meaning—A Case Study of the 2016 US Presidential Televised Debate

总统电视辩论，作为美国总统竞选活动不可或缺的一部分，在影响总统选举结果方面发挥决定性作用。总统竞选电视辩论融合了多模态的资源，因此从语言资源和非语言两方面分析总统辩论非常有必要。本文以Martin & White提出的评价系统中的态度系统和McNeil的语言和手势之间的语义协同关系为理论框架，对2016年美国总统电视辩论中两位提名人态度意义的多模态分析。研究发现，在多模态语篇中，演讲人的语言，手势，都是构建人物态度意义的重要资源。在演讲时，演讲者会做出手势语配合讲话，手势也被认为是一个评价过程。手势与言语共同表达了态度意义，由手势构建的态度意义在演讲的帮助下得到加强。除了手势之外，目光也被认为构建态度意义不可或缺的角色。McNeil (2000)发现说话者在讲话时通过凝视，从他们所看的参与者那里获得反应。通过凝视，说话者希望与他们所注视的听众形成同盟。本研究为人们能够更好的理解演讲者所传达的态度意义以及背后的立场观点提供了一定的借鉴意义。
The presidential televised debate, as an integral part of the U.S. presidential campaign, plays a decisive role in influencing the results of the presidential election. The presidential campaign TV debate integrates multi-modal resources, so it is necessary to analyze the presidential debate from both language resources and non-verbal aspects. This article takes the attitude system in the evaluation system proposed by Martin & White as the theoretical framework of the semantic synergy between McNeil’s language and gestures, and analyzes the significance of the attitude of the two nominees in the 2016 US President’s TV debate. The study found that in multi-modal dis-course, the speaker’s language and gestures are all important resources for building the meaning of the character’s attitude. During the speech, the speaker will make gestures to speak in conjunction with the speech, and gestures are also regarded as an evaluation process. Gestures and words express the meaning of attitude together, and the meaning of attitude built by gestures is strengthened with the help of speech. In addition to gestures, eyes are also considered to be an indispensable role in building attitude meaning. McNeil (2000) found that the speaker got a response from the participants they saw by staring at them. By staring, the speaker hopes to form an alliance with the audience they are watching. This study provides a certain reference for people to better understand the attitude and point of view conveyed by the speaker and the position behind it.