The milk thistle plant is one of the famous plants that have been gaining
popularity for its therapeutic potential for centuries. Milk thistle seed oil (MTSO)
has been subjected to extensive research. The fixed oil was extracted from the seeds
of Silybum marianum (L.) using petroleum ether as a solvent by a soxhlet
device. GC-MS was used to identify the chemical composition of the oil. The antioxidant
activity of MTSO was tested by the ABTS method, which showed the ability to inhibit
lipid peroxidation. In addition, antimicrobial and antifungal investigations were
examined. It proved that MTSO has an inhibitory effect against Gram-positive bacteria
(Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli),
and antifungal effects (Candida albicans). MTSO has a slightly higher effectiveness
against fungi than bacteria. Moreover, the cytotoxic activities of the oil on hepatocellular
and colorectal carcinoma were examined. MTSO has shown a moderate cytotoxic effect
on the HCT-116 cell line and a weak effect on HePG-2. Whereas; in vivo study
has been done on five diagnosed patients who have impaired liver function, and were
recruited for the study. Their weight ranged from 100 ± 30 kg, their age range was between 39-50 years.
Each patient was given ten drops of MTSO daily and added to a little water for a
four-week study period. MTSO has effects to improve the function of the injured
liver. The present work aims to study Milk thistle seed oil, for estimating its
pharmacological properties for the liver. This study focused on showing the importance
of milk thistle seed oil in our lives as a source of antioxidants, anti-bacterial
and anti-fungal, and as an anti-cancer of the liver and colon. It also sheds light
on its importance as a treatment for impaired liver, function and fatty liver, due
to its improvement in all liver function markers, so it can
be hired as an effective human therapy.
References
[1]
Marrelli, M. (2021) Medicinal Plants. Plants, 10, Article 1355. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10071355
[2]
Rathod, N.B., Kulawik, P., Ozogul, F., Regenstein, J.M. and Ozogul, Y. (2021) Biological Activity of Plant-Based Carvacrol and Thymol and Their Impact on Human Health and Food Quality. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 116, 733-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.08.023
[3]
Das, R., Mitra, S., Tareq, A.M., Emran, T.B., Hossain, M.J., Alqahtani, A.M., Alghazwani, Y., Dhama, K. and Simal-Gandara, J. (2022) Medicinal Plants Used against Hepatic Disorders in Bangladesh: A Comprehensive Review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 282, Article ID: 114588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114588
[4]
Pickova, D., Ostry, V., Toman, J. and Malir, F. (2020) Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Food Supplements: A Review. Toxins, 12, Article 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120782
[5]
Valková, V., Dúranová, H., Bilcikova, J. and Habán, M. (2020) Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): A Valuable Medicinal Plant with Several Therapeutic Purposes. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 9, 836-843. https://doi.org/10.15414/jmbfs.2020.9.4.836-843
[6]
El-haak, M.A., Atta, B.M. and Abd Rabo, F.F. (2015) Seed Yield and Important Seed Constituents for Naturally and Cultivated Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Plants. Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology (Botany), 11, 141-146.
[7]
Opyd, P.M. and Jurgoński, A. (2021) Intestinal, Liver, and Lipid Disorders in Genetically Obese Rats Are More Efficiently Reduced by Dietary Milk Thistle Seeds than Their Oil. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 20895. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00397-1
[8]
Yousefdoost, S., Samadi, F., Jafari, S.M., Ramezanpour, S.S., Ganji, F. and Hassani, S. (2019) Evaluation of Nano and Microcapsules of Silymarin in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions for Animal Target Delivery. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 9, 247-255.
[9]
Hermenean, A., Stan, M., Ardelean, A., Pilat, L., Mihali, C.V., Popescu, C., Nagy, L., Deák, G., Zsuga, M., Kéki, S., Bácskay, I., Fenyvesi, F., Costache, M., Dinischiotu, A. and Vecsernyés, M. (2015) Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.) Seed Oil. Open Life Sciences, 10, 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2015-0017
[10]
Yuenyong, J., Pokkanta, P., Phuangsaijai, N., Kittiwachana, S., Mahatheeranont, S. and Sookwong, P. (2021) GC-MS and HPLC-DAD Analysis of Fatty Acid Profile and Functional Phytochemicals in Fifty Cold-Pressed Plant Oils in Thailand. Heliyon, 7, e06304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06304
[11]
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. (1999) Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
[12]
Larsen, P. and Ahmed, M. (2022) Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Honey Drops and Honey Lozenges. Food Chemistry Advances, 1, Article ID: 100013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2022.100013
[13]
Elgendy, E.M. and Semeih, M.Y. (2019) Phyto-Monoterpene Linalool as a Precursor to Synthesize Epoxides and Hydroperoxides as Anti-Carcinogenic Agents via Thermal and Photochemical Oxidation Reactions. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 12, 966-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.09.008
[14]
Rizk, S.A., Abdelwahab, S.S. and Sallam, H.A. (2018) Regioselective Reactions, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Spiro-Pyrrolidine Thiophene. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 55, 1604-1614. https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.3195
[15]
Mosmann, T. (1983) Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cellular Growth and Survival: Application to Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65, 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
[16]
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957) Colorimetric Method for Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate and Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 28, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
[17]
Buccolo, G. and David, H. (1973) Quantitative Determination of Serum Triglyceride by Use Enzymes. Clinical Chemistry, 19, 419-432. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/19.5.476
[18]
Bennett, S.T., Eckfeldt, J.H., Belcher, J.D. and Connelly, D.P. (1992) Certification of Cholesterol Measurements by the National Reference Method Laboratory Network with Routine Clinical Specimens: Effects of Network Laboratory Bias and Imprecision. Clinical Chemistry, 38, 651-657. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/38.5.651
[19]
Lopes-Virella, M.F., Stone, P., Ellis, S. and Colwell, J.A. (1977) Cholesterol Determination in High-Density Lipoproteins Is Separated by Three Different Methods. Clinical Chemistry, 23, 882-884. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/23.5.882
[20]
Grodon, T. and Amer, M. (1977) Determination of HDL. Journal of Medicine, 62, Article 707.
[21]
Gol, R.M., Rafraf, M. and Jafarabadi, M.A. (2021) Assessment of Atherogenic Indices and Lipid Ratios in the Apparently Healthy Women Aged 30-55 Years. Arterial Hypertension, 25, 172-177. https://doi.org/10.5603/AH.a2021.0020
[22]
Adetuyi, B.O., Omolabi, F.K., Olajide, P.A. and Oloke, J.K. (2021) Pharmacological, Biochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Milk Thistle (Silymarin): A Review. World News of Natural Sciences, 37, 75-91.
Gulcin, I. (2020) Antioxidants and Antioxidant Methods: An Updated Overview. Archives of Toxicology, 94, 651-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3
[25]
Elgendy, E.M., Ibrahim H.S., Elmeherry H.F., Sedki A.G. and Mekhemer F.U. (2017) Chemical and Biological Comparative in Vitro Studies of Cinnamon Bark and Lemon Peel Essential Oils. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 8, 110-125. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2017.81008
[26]
Lim, A.C., Tang, S.G.H., Zin, N.M., Maisarah, A.M., Ariffin, I.A., Ker, P.J. and Mahlia, T.M.I. (2022) Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Backhousia Citriodora Essential Oil. Molecules, 27, Article 4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154895
[27]
Munteanu, I.G. and Apetrei, C. (2021) Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, Article 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
[28]
Nowak, A., Florkowska, K., Zielonka-Brzezicka, J., Duchnik, W., Muzykiewicz, A. and Klimowicz, A. (2021) The Effects of Extraction Techniques on the Antioxidant Potential of Extracts of Different Parts of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria, 20, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.17306/J.AFS.2021.0817
[29]
Abou-Seif, M.A.M. and Elgendy, E.M.E. (1998) Photolysis and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation of Human Erythrocytes by M-Chloroperbenzoic Acid Effect. Clinica Chimica Acta, 277, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(98)00110-7
[30]
Gul, P. and Bakht, J. (2015) Antimicrobial Activity of Turmeric Extract and Its Potential Use in the Food Industry. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 52, 2272-2279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1195-4
[31]
Araújo, D.L., da Silva Machado, B.A., Mascarenhas, J.M.F., Alves, S.P., de Sousa, S.L.F. et al. (2021) Analysis of the Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Oregano (Origanum vulgare): A Review Study on the Main Effects on Pathogens. Research, Society and Development, 10, e36810212584. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12584
[32]
Chatrath, H., Vuppalanchi, R. and Chalasani, N. (2012) Dyslipidemia in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Seminars in Liver Disease, 32, 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1306423
[33]
Malhotra P., Gill, R.K., Saksena, S. and Alrefai W.A. (2020) Disturbances in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases. Frontiers in Medicine, 7, Article 467. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00467 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00467
